Sir, Clozapine is an atypical antipsychotic medication. It is the agent of choice to treat patients with schizophrenia who are treatment-resistant and who are prone to extrapyramidal symptoms. However, besides occasional serious and life-threatening side effects like agranulocytosis, myocarditis, and seizures, clozapine is often discontinued because of many common and troublesome side effects l...

INTRODUCTION Autonomic dysfunction, including orthostatic hypotension (OH), sialorrhea, sexual dysfunction, urinary dysfunction and constipation is a common feature of Parkinson's disease (PD). Even though its treatment has been recognized as a major unmet need in PD, there is a paucity of clinical trials to assess their treatment. AREAS COVERED Evidence about the efficacy and safety of avail...

conclusions these finding showed that dysport can be significantly effective in reducing the amount of saliva for 18 weeks. results in this study, the effect of dysport on the amount of drooling of the participants at the sixth, 12th, and 18th weeks after treatment was significantly decreased (p value of 0.00016, 0.0001, and 0.00011, respectively). however, after 24 weeks, this difference was n...

AIM To demonstrate the effect of local application of Botox(R) in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), following our 2002 institutional protocol of sialorrhea treatment. STUDY DESIGN Clinical prospective. MATERIAL AND METHOD Five patients with ALS assisted at Clinic of Otolaryngology of AACD (Associação de Assistência à Criança Deficiente). They were all submitted to local app...

Sialorrhea or excessive drooling is a major issue in children with cerebral palsy and adults with neurodegenerative disorders. In this review, we describe the clinical features, anatomy and physiology of sialorrhea, as well as a review of the world literature on medical treatment using Yale University's search engine; including but not limited to Medline and Erasmus. Level of drug efficacy is d...

Aims. To evaluate the efficacy of Lian-Se formula (LSF), one Chinese herb formulation for treating sialorrhea and frequent overnight urination in patients with Parkinson's disease (PD). Methods. 96 PD patients suffering from sialorrhea and/or frequent nighttime urination were divided into two groups: an LSF group (n = 48) treated with LSF for 6 weeks and a placebo group (n = 48) treated with a ...

PURPOSE To investigate the effect of botulinum toxin type A (BTX-A; Botox) in reducing saliva in patients with Parkinsonism. METHODS Fifteen patients with clinical diagnosis of idiopathic Parkinson's disease, dementia with Lewy bodies, or multiple system atrophy were enrolled in this open clinical trial. A total of 40-unit dose of Botox was injected into the bilateral parotid and submandibula...