it has been almost three centuries since conflict has arisen between chechnya and russia. since occupation of their country as a result of colonial wars, chechens have dreamed of gaining independence. to this end, they have always been involved in the fight and even resorted to violent actions that were harshly suppressed by the russians. the factor that distinguishes chechens from other russia...

Turkmenistan’s economic performance during the first decade after independence isinteresting because it is an extreme case, regularly ranking last among all the former centrallyplanned economies by transition indicators measuring speed of reform or degree of economicliberalization. This paper analyses the evolution of the economic system and Turkmenistan’seconomic development si...