The temperature–size rule suggests that there is a negative relationship between the size (volume) of an ectothermic organism and environmental temperature experienced during its development We question how to validate this hypothesis for particular case some algivorous protozoans because in many these unicellular organisms, body directly related consumption prey and, on most occasions, true ce...

Previous analysis of the rules regarding how much more a female should invest in a litter of size C rather than producing a litter with one more offspring revealed an invariance relationship between litter size and the range of resources per offspring in any litter size. The rule is that the range of resources per offspring should be inversely proportional to litter size. Here we present a modi...

Many psychology studies are statistically underpowered. In part, this may be because many researchers rely on intuition, rules of thumb, and prior practice (along with practical considerations) to determine the number of subjects to test. In Study 1, we surveyed 291 published research psychologists and found large discrepancies between their reports of their preferred amount of power and the ac...

This paper describes continuing progress on the development of a repository of transformation rules relevant to indefinite integration. The methodology, however, is not restricted to integration. Several optimization goals are being pursued, including achieving the best form for the output, reducing the size of the repository while retaining its scope, and minimizing the number of steps require...