Technological threats to privacy are not limited to data protection. Social Network Applications (SNA) and ubiquitous computing or Ambient Intelligence face other privacy risks. The business model of SNA and the improvement of data mining allow social computation. SNA Regulation should then favor privacy-by design and Privacy Enhancing Technologies (PET). Default friendly-privacy policies shoul...

Sympathetic nerve activity (SNA) in neurons projecting to skeletal muscle blood vessels increases during rapid-eye-movement (REM) sleep, substantially exceeding SNA of non-REM (NREM) sleep and quiet wakefulness (QW). Similar SNA increases to cerebral blood vessels may regulate the cerebral circulation in REM sleep, but this is unknown. We hypothesized that cerebral SNA increases during phasic R...

In cold defense and fever, activity increases in sympathetic nerves supplying both tail vessels and interscapular brown adipose tissue (iBAT). These mediate cutaneous vasoconstrictor and thermogenic responses, respectively, and both depend upon neurons in the rostral medullary raphé. To examine the commonality of brain circuits driving these two outflows, sympathetic nerve activity (SNA) was re...

Background. The ischemic damage of the sinus node (SN) is a well known cause of cardiac arrhythmias and can be a consequence of any flow abnormality in the sinus node artery (SNA). Accordingly we aimed this retrospective study to: (1) evaluate the suitability of the standard coronary angiography to study the SNA and (2) determine if the percentage of subjects with a positive retrospective histo...

BACKGROUND Few investigators have studied the anatomy of the sinus node artery (SNA) using noninvasive imaging modalities, so the objective of this study was to visualize the in-vivo 3-dimensional anatomical relations of the SNA using dual-source computed tomography (DSCT). METHODS AND RESULTS In the 101 patients included in this study, the visualization rate, anatomical type and diameter of ...

The Drosophila snail (sna) gene is first expressed in cells giving rise to mesoderm and is required for mesoderm formation. sna is subsequently expressed in the developing nervous system. sna expression during neurogenesis evolves from segmentally repeated neuroectodermal domains to a pan-neural pattern. We have identified a 2.8 kb regulatory region of the sna promoter that drives LacZ expressi...

Two zygotic genes, snail (sna) and twist (twi), are required for mesoderm development, which begins with the formation of the ventral furrow. Both twi and sna are expressed ventrally in the blastoderm, encode transcription factors and promote the invagination of the ventral furrow by activating or repressing appropriate target genes. However, sna and twi alone do not define the position of the ...

Despite accumulated knowledge on human baroreflex control of muscle sympathetic nerve activity (SNA), whether baroreflex control of muscle SNA parallels that of other SNAs, in particular renal and cardiac SNAs, remains unclear. Using urethane and alpha-chloralose-anesthetized, vagotomized and aortic-denervated rabbits (n = 10), we recorded muscle SNA from tibial nerve by microneurography, simul...

Sambucus nigra agglutinin I (SNA-I) is a type 2 ribosome-inactivating protein. Site-directed mutagenesis was used to mimic the conversion of the highly active B-chain of fruit-specific SNA (SNA-If) into the completely inactive B-chain of the closely related and naturally occurring loss-of-activity mutant called S. nigra agglutinin lectin-related protein. In the first mutant SNA-If-M1 the high-a...

Since its announcement in 1974, Systems Network Architecture (SNA) has evolved in terms of its functional content, configurational flexibility, and network management services. This paper briefly traces this progress to the present and examines the more recent advances in greater detail. It then discusses known requirements for enhanced application and transaction services, for additional provi...