The local last glacial maximum in the tropical Andes was earlier and less extensive than previously thought, based on 106 cosmogenic ages (from beryllium-10 dating) from moraines in Peru and Bolivia. Glaciers reached their greatest extent in the last glacial cycle approximately 34,000 years before the present and were retreating by approximately 21,000 years before the present, implying that tr...

The interaction between tectonism and erosion produces rugged landscapes in actively deforming regions. In the northwestern Himalaya, the form of the landscape was found to be largely independent of exhumation rates, but regional trends in mean and modal elevations, hypsometry (frequency distribution of altitude), and slope distributions were correlated with the extent of glaciation. These obse...

Jupiter's enhancement in nitrogen relative to hydrogen when compared the Sun has been interpreted as evidence that its early formation occurred beyond N$_{2}$ snowline ($\sim$ 20-40 AU). However, rapid growth necessary form Jupiter before dissipation of solar nebula would lead forming planet's core reaching very high temperatures ($>$1000 K), which it warming surroundings. Here, we explore effe...

Abstract Water is one of the most important and abundant molecules in star-forming regions. In protoplanetary disks, where planets comets form, H 2 O a gas or solid depending on dust temperature, i.e., distance from center its binding energy (BE). Not surprisingly, several experimental theoretical studies BE have been published. We report new ab initio calculations carried out large model inter...