background: in order to describe the patients and evaluate the effectiveness of treatments for widow spider envenomation, investigators require a reliable assessment tool. in this paper, the development of a clinical index for measuring the widow spider bite severity, latrodectus envenomation severity score (less), is described. methods: according to the valid methods for index development, a d...

Spider diagrams are a recently developed visual logic that make statements about relationships between sets, their members and their cardinalities. By contrast, the study of regular languages is one of the oldest active branches of computer science research. The work in this thesis examines the previously unstudied relationship between spider diagrams and regular languages. In this thesis, the ...

Environmentally cued hatching allows embryos to escape dangers and exploit new opportunities. Such adaptive responses require a flexibly regulated hatching mechanism sufficiently fast to meet relevant challenges. Anurans show widespread, diverse cued hatching responses, but their described hatching mechanisms are slow, and regulation of timing is unknown. Arboreal embryos of red-eyed treefrogs,...

Hatching care has been reported for many taxonomic groups, from invertebrates to vertebrates. The sophisticated care that occurs around hatching time is expected to have an adaptive function supporting the feeble young. However, details of the characteristics of the adaptive function of hatching care remain unclear. This study investigated the hatching care of the subsocial shield bug, Parastra...

Accelerated hatching is one of few defences available to embryos, and is effective against many egg-stage risks. We present the first analysis of genetic variation in hatching plasticity, examining premature hatching of American toad embryos in response to pathogenic water moulds. We reared eggs from half- and full-sib families in the presence and absence of water mould. Hatching age and hatchl...

The use of a standardized beat sampling method for estimating spruce spider mite, Oligonychus ununguis (Jacobi) (Acari: Tetranychidae), densities on a widely used evergreen ornamental plant species, Juniperus chinensis variety 'Sargentii' A. Henry (Cupressaceae), was examined. There was a significant positive relationship between total spruce spider mite densities and spider mite densities from...

Oils are some of the most efficient and secure alternatives to synthetic fungicides, acaricides insecticides used as pesticides for decades. Around world, mineral oils a potential pesticide against many pests. To provide novel active ingredients new formulations industry, major goal this research was formulate one petroleum fractions test its acaricidal efficiency two-spotted spider mite (TSSM)...