Abstract In the early 1970s the Gaia hypothesis of James E. Lovelock and Lynn Margulis proposed that self-regulating processes of homeostasis have locked together the obviously living biosphere and the apparently dead environment so that one might usefully think of the whole Earth as a single organism. Although Lovelock and Margulis came from strictly scientific fields it is easy to see the app...

Contemporaries of Charles Darwin were divided on reconciling his theory of natural selection with religion and morality. Although Alfred Russel Wallace stands out as a spiritualist advocate of natural selection who rejected a natural origin of morality, the science popularizer and spiritualist Arabella Buckley (1840–1929) offers a more representative example of how theists, whether spiritualist...

Abstract
 Islam and Javanese spiritualism discuss the syncretic relationship between two. This theme was raised because at present there are many who think that teachings of not in accordance with Islam. One reasons is perception public see thick mystical teachings, superstitions, bid'ah, so on. In fact, already existed were taught same time as arrival brought by Wali Songo. The da'wah str...