INTRODUCTION Although some view the ownership of firearms as a deterrent to crime, the relationship between population-level firearm ownership rates and violent criminal perpetration is unclear. The purpose of this study is to test the association between state-level firearm ownership and violent crime. METHODS State-level rates of household firearm ownership and annual rates of criminal acts...

The cognitive agent model presented in this paper generates prior and retrospective ownership states for an action based on principles from recent neurological theories. A prior ownership state is affected by prediction of the effects of a prepared action, and exerts control by strengthening or suppressing actual execution of the action. A retrospective ownership state depends on whether the se...

The performance of Indian railways in the nineteenth century provides a great context to study the effects of state ownership on productivity and other aspects of operations. We rely on a key feature of the institutional background whereby the Government of India purchased a majority ownership stake in private railways at predetermined dates set by contracts negotiated decades before the compan...

A properly encapsulated data representation can be revised for refactoring or other purposes without affecting the correctness of client programs and extensions of a class. But encapsulation is difficult to achieve in object-oriented programs owing to heap based structures and reentrant callbacks. This paper shows that it is achieved by a discipline using assertions and auxiliary fields to mana...

A properly encapsulated data representation can be revised for refactoring or other purposes without affecting the correctness of client programs and extensions of a class. But encapsulation is difficult to achieve in object-oriented programs owing to heap based structures and reentrant callbacks. This paper shows that it is achieved by a discipline using assertions and auxiliary fields to mana...

BACKGROUND Research on the health outcomes of globalisation and economic transition has yielded conflicting results, partly due to methodological and data limitations. Specifically, the outcomes of changes in foreign investment and state ownership need to be examined using multilevel data, linking macro-effects and micro-effects. We exploited the natural experiment offered by the Hungarian econ...

A large body of scholarship finds a negative relationship between oil abundance and economic growth. The existing empirical evidence on the oil curse, however, does not account for variations in the ownership of oil. This article investigates whether the effect of oil abundance on growth varies with ownership structures. It also investigates whether institutional quality influences the effect o...

In practice, governments often retain some shares in the ...rms they privatize, the ensuing pro...t distributions being an additional source of revenue. We show for a two-...rm di¤erentiated-product oligopoly how partial state ownership may a¤ect ...rms’ subsequent investment and output behavior. Hence, we determine the optimum retained state ownership share under both Bertrand and Cournot comp...