How do we get from here to there? It is clear that men and women explain things differently, but how much variation is possible in giving step-by-step instructions for a common task? If there is variation in these directions, how can we explain its origins? Carol Lawton, who studied the ways in which men and women give directions for spatial tasks, stated, “the pattern of gender differences tha...

In an age when demand for innovative and motivating language teaching methodologies is at a very high level, TREAT the Trilingual REAding Tutor combines the most advanced natural language processing (NLP) techniques with the latest second and third language acquisition (SLA/TLA), as well as computer-assisted language learning (CALL) research in an intuitive and user-friendly environment that ha...

Environment has long been known to play an important part in disease etiology. However, not many genome-wide association studies take environmental factors into consideration. There is also a need for new methods to identify the gene-environment interactions. In this study, we propose a 2-step approach incorporating an influence measure that capturespure gene-environment effect. We found that p...

OBJECTIVE GPs sometimes use euphemisms rather than medical terms. The present study aimed to explore the relative impact of using the term 'obese' compared to GPs' preferred euphemism on patients' beliefs about the problem. METHODS A cross sectional survey followed by an experimental study was used with two conditions: the term 'obese' versus the GPs' preferred euphemism. In the cross section...

Genetic association studies offer an opportunity to find genetic variants underlying complex human diseases. Various tests have been developed to improve their power. However, none of these tests is uniformly best and it is usually unclear at the outset what test is best for a specific dataset. For example, Hotelling's T2 test is best for normally distributed data, but it can lose considerable ...

As algorithms are increasingly used to make important decisions that affect human lives, ranging from social benefit assignment to predicting risk of criminal recidivism, concerns have been raised about the fairness of algorithmic decision making. Most prior works on algorithmic fairness normatively prescribe how fair decisions ought to be made. In contrast, here, we descriptively survey users ...

BACKGROUND A new legislation concerning forensic mental health was established by the Japanese Government in 2005, the "Act on Medical Care and Treatment for the Persons Who Had Caused Serious Cases under the Condition of Insanity," or the Medical Treatment and Supervision (MTS) Act. Since it was passed, however, there has been broad controversy over Hospitalization for Assessment (HfA), the fi...

testosterone level was determined in six different populations of iran using saliva steroid assay. significant difference was observed in morning and afternoon testosterone level of the same individual (p>0.00l) significant difference was also noticed among different regions studied (p>0.00 1). comparisons between alcoholics and nonalcoholic as well as smokers and nonsmokers showed significant ...