A novel protein overexpression system of Aspergillus oryzae was constructed. Five promoters which originate from A. oryzae expressed sequence tag (EST) clones in submerged culture were obtained by genome walking. These were subjected to beta-glucuronidase (GUS) reporter assays. The promoter of manganese superoxide dismutase-encoding gene (sodM) showed the most GUS production. The sodM gene was ...

Fumonisin B1, a recently discovered mycotoxin, was synthesized by submerged cultures of Fusarium moniliforme NRRL 13616 grown for 29 days at 28 degrees C and 220 rpm in a basal salts medium (pH 5.0) supplemented with 90 g of glucose per liter and 3.5 g of ammonium sulfate per liter. Under these culture conditions, 74 +/- 23 micrograms of fumonisin B1 per ml was produced by 29-day-old F. monilif...

The production of pediocin by Pediococcus acidilactici was comparatively studied in submerged and solid-state culture, using polyurethane foam particles soaked in commercial (MRS) and waste media with various supplements, where product concentrations were 15 times higher in MRS medium. For the solid state analysis, cultures were treated by successive compression and refilling of tubular minirea...

The biological effects of inhalable nanoparticles have been widely studied in vitro with pulmonary cells cultured under submerged and air-liquid interface (ALI) conditions. Submerged exposures are experimentally simpler, but ALI exposures are physiologically more realistic and hence potentially biologically more meaningful. In this study, we investigated the cellular response of human alveolar ...

Metarhizium anisopliae var. acridum (IMI 330189) can produce at least three spore types in vitro ; blastospores, submerged conidia, and aerial conidia, as defined by culturing conditions, sporogenesis, and spore morphology. This study compares morphological characteristics (dimensions and cell wall structure), chemical properties of cell wall surfaces (charge, hydrophobicity, and lectin binding...

Destruxins (DTXs) are cyclic depsipeptides produced by many Metarhizium isolates that have long been assumed to contribute to virulence of these entomopathogenic fungi. We evaluated the virulence of 20 Metarhizium isolates against insect larvae and measured the concentration of DTXs A, B, and E produced by these same isolates in submerged (shaken) cultures. Eight of the isolates (ARSEF 324, 724...

Mannheimia haemolytica leukotoxin is produced during the logarithmic growth phase in submerged culture in RPMI 1640 medium with and without the addition of foetal calf serum or albumin. In order to establish a pattern of optimal leukotoxin production in small volumes in submerged cultures and to define some parameters involved, two high leukotoxin producing Mannheimia haemolytica strains were g...

The in vivo ovine model provides a clinically relevant platform to study cardiopulmonary mechanisms and treatments of disease; however, a robust ovine primary alveolar epithelial type II (ATII) cell culture model is lacking. The objective of this study was to develop and optimize ovine lung tissue cryopreservation and primary ATII cell culture methodologies for the purposes of dissecting mechan...

The selection of new microorganisms able to produce antimicrobial compounds is hoped for to reduce their production costs and the side effects caused by synthetic drugs. Clavulanic acid is a β-lactam antibiotic produced by submerged culture, which is widely used in medicine as a powerful inhibitor of β-lactamases, enzymes produced by bacteria resistant to antibiotics such penicillin and cephalo...

Strain 275 FI of Claviceps purpurea, which produces large amounts of peptide alkaloids in submerged culture, is a heterokaryon; after several generations on agar media, it segregates the single components. These components (by us labeled V, C, and W) are stable and produce almost no alkaloids under described conditions of submerged culture. The mycelium of strain 275 FI consists of hyphae with ...