Subtractive cloning is a powerful technique for isolating genes expressed or present in one cell population but not in another. This method and a related one termed positive selection have their origins in nucleic acid reassociation techniques. We discuss the history of subtractive techniques, and fundamental information about the nucleic acid composition of cells that came out of reassociation...

A small-scale microphone array generally adopts the subtractive beamforming technique, which constructs sharp notches in a spatial beampattern, so that target sound sources are assumed as point sound sources. However, the shapes of actual sound sources are various and not always points. Our mouths are line sound sources or plane sound sources. It is important to deal with line sound sources whe...

Using theorem prover Coq [4] for the verification of concurrent systems usually includes the formalization of the modal μ–calculus [8] in that logical framework [13] [11] [15]. These implementations build upon the following interpretation: given the state space S of a system, the meaning of a formula is the subset of states where it is satisfied. Then, a formula α(X) with a free variable X can ...

A type system for the lambda-calculus enriched with recursive and corecursive functions over equi-inductive and -coinductive types is presented in which all well-typed programs are strongly normalizing. The choice of equi-inductive types, instead of the more common isoinductive types, in uences both reduction rules and the strong normalization proof. By embedding isointo equi-types, the latter ...

We present a formulae-as-types interpretation of Subtractive Logic (i.e. bi-intuitionistic logic). This presentation is two-fold: we first define a very natural restriction of the λμ-calculus which is closed under reduction and whose type system is a constructive restriction of the Classical Natural Deduction. Then we extend this deduction system conservatively to Subtractive Logic. From a comp...

By means of subtractive and differential hybridization techniques we have identified a novel murine gene (1A13) the expression of which is developmentally regulated in the mouse brain. Comparison of the nucleotide and predicted protein sequence revealed closest relationship of 1A13 to human CoREST, a transcriptional co-repressor required for regulation of neural-specific gene expression. Thus, ...

Alteration in gene transcripts is related to a wide spectrum of physiological and pathological changes in cells. Therefore, the identification of differential gene expression can be used to understand biological processes at a molecular level [1-4]. Various techniques such as Expressed Sequence Tags (EST), differential display, Serial Analysis of Gene Expression (SAGE), cDNA microarray, and sub...

Bi-intuitionistic logic, also known as Heyting-Brouwer logic or subtractive logic, is extended in various ways by a strong negation connective used to express commitments arising from denials. These logics have been introduced and investigated in [48]. In the present paper, an inferentialist semantics in terms of proofs, disproofs, and their duals is developed. Whereas the Brouwer-Heyting-Kolmo...

Objective: Soil temperature serves as a key variable in hydrological investigations to determine soil moisture content as well as hydrological balance in watersheds. The ingoing research aims to shed lights on potential of artificial neural networks (ANNs) and Neuro-Fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) to simulate soil temperature at 5-100 cm depths. To satisfy this end, climatic and...