The catalytic ability of ZrO(2)/SO(4)(2-) to promote solventless three-component condensation reactions of a diversity of aromatic aldehydes, urea or thoiurea and ethyl acetoacetate was studied. Products resulting from Hantzsch and/or Biginelli multi-component reactions are obtained in the presence of solid acid catalysts using the same reactants but different temperature conditions. The sulfat...

An efficient and green protocol for the synthesis of pyrazoles derivatives by one-pot reaction of different 1,3-dicarbonyl compounds with hydrazines/hydrazides has been developed using nano-sulfated zirconia, nano-structured ZnO, nano-g-alumina and nano-ZSM-5 zeolites, as the catalyst. The optical properties of the nano-structured catalysts and organic molecules were studied. The advantages of ...

In recent years, functionalized metal oxides have been gaining popularity for biomass conversion to fuels and chemicals due the global energy crisis. This study reports a novel catalyst based on noble immobilization zirconia that has successfully used in production of biofuel alkyl levulinates (ALs) from lignocellulosic biomass-derived levulinic acid (LA) under vapor-phase. The wet impregnation...

Sulfated zirconia (SZ) and sulfated zirconia promoted with 2 wt % manganese (MnSZ) or iron (FeSZ), all active in n-butane isomerization, were investigated using diffuse reflectance Fourier transform IR spectroscopy (DRIFTS). By adsorption of H(2) at 77 K or of n-butane at room temperature, it was found that the promoters neither enhance the Lewis nor the Brønsted acid strength. SZ and promoted ...

The ideal gasoline must have a high pump octane number, in the 86 to 94 range, and a low environmental impact. Alkanes, as a family, have much lower photochemical reactivities than aromatics or olefins, but only the highly branched alkanes have adequate octane numbers. The purpose of this work is to examine the possibilities of extending the technological alternative of paraffin isomerization t...

Abstract: Solid acid (heterogeneous) catalysts have a unique advantage in esterifi cation and transesterifi cation reactions which enhances the use of high acid value oil to be used as feedstock for synthesis of biodiesel. Various solid acid catalysts such as resins, tungstated and sulfated zirconia, polyaniline sulfate, heteropolyacid, metal complexes, sulfated tin oxide, zeolite, acidic ionic...