the purpose of the present study was to discover which of the two reading strategies, concept mapping or summarizing, is more effective on esp learners’ reading comprehension of eap texts. to fulfill the purpose of the study, a sample of 94 undergraduate students of accountancy sat for a standardized sample of key english testing (ket). sixty-two students whose scores fell one standard deviatio...

Information graphics (such as bar charts and line graphs) play a vital role in many multimodal documents. The majority of information graphics that appear in popular media are intended to convey a message and the graphic designer uses deliberate communicative signals, such as highlighting certain aspects of the graphic, in order to bring that message out. The graphic, whose communicative goal (...

We investigate the problem of summarizing text documents that contain errors as a result of optical character recognition. Each stage in the process is tested, the error effects analyzed, and possible solutions suggested. Our experimental results show that current approaches, which are developed to deal with clean text, suffer significant degradation even with slight increases in the noise leve...