Small planets, 1-4× the size of Earth, are extremely common around Sun-like stars, and surprisingly so, as they are missing in our solar system. Recent detections have yielded enough information about this class of exoplanets to begin characterizing their occurrence rates, orbits, masses, densities, and internal structures. The Kepler mission finds the smallest planets to be most common, as 26%...

Planetary is the study of planets in the solar system which is binded by a magnetic path of the solar energy provided by the sun. Magnetic path is called the orbit. The path that each planet takes around the sun is an oval shape called an ellipse. Based on the distance from the sun , speed of the planets is calculated. The inclination of the north pole of the planet balances the planet in the v...

The spectral distribution of the solar radiation reaching the Earth's surface depends on the irradiance emitted by the Sun, the Earth-Sun distance, and the transmission properties of the atmosphere. The changing Earth-Sun distance due to an eccentric orbit implies that the irradiance received at the top of the atmosphere varies with an annual cycle, being 6.9% above and below the yearly mean. T...

Judging from the fact that the planet Jupiter is bigger in size than the Earth by 10 while is smaller than the Sun by 10 and that the average distance of the Jupiter from the Sun is 5.203a.u., the solar neutrinos, when encounter the Jupiter, may have some accumulating effects bigger than on the Earth. We begin by estimating how much energy/power carried by solar neutrinos get transferred by thi...

If the signals being sought in search for extraterrestrial intelligence (SETI) programs exist but are brief (for example, they are produced intermittently to conserve energy), then it is essential to know when these signals will arrive at the Earth. Different types of transmitter/receiver synchronization schemes are possible, which vary in the relative amount of effort required by the transmitt...

A surprisingly large amount of information on our solar system can be gained from simple measurements of the apparent angular diameters of the sun and the moon. This information includes the average density of the sun, the distance between earth and moon, the radius of the moon, and the gravitational constant. In this note it is described how these and other quantities can be obtained by simple...

SOHO satellite data reveals geophysical changes before sudden changes in the Earth's Sun-Earth environment. The influence of extragalactic changes on the Sun as well as the Sun-Earth environment seems to be both periodic and episodic. The periodic changes in terms of solar maxima and minima occur every 11 years, whereas the episodic changes can happen at any time. Episodic changes can be monito...

The International Sun-Earth Explorer is a three-spacecraft program of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration and the European Space Agency aimed at securing a more quantitative knowledge of the structure and stability of the magnetosphere. One spacecraft (ISEE-C) makes observations in the solar wind upstream of the earth, while the other two (ISEE-A and ISEE-B), in the same highly ec...

Nowadays the object of Space Information System (SIS) is limited to the earth surface, and the large-scale sun-earth space does not been considered. In this paper, the research object of SIS is been extended, namely the object is been studied from the earth surface to the sun-earth space, and the concept of “Sun-earth Space Information System” is been proposed. It is the very important content ...

We present a new conceptual Earth system model to investigate the long-term co-evolution of geosphere and biosphere from the geological past upto 1.5 billion years into the planet’s future. The model is based on the global carbon cycle as mediated by life and driven by increasing solar luminosity and plate tectonics. As a major result of our investigations we calculate the “terrestrial life cor...