This paper explores the hypothesis that schematic abstraction—rule following—is partially implemented through processes and knowledge used to understand motion. Two experiments explore the mechanisms used by reasoners solving simple linear equations with one variable. Participants solved problems displayed against a background that moved rightward or leftward. Solving was facilitated when the b...

Abstract Block’s ( The Philosophical Review, 90 (1), 5–43 1981) anti-behaviourist attack of the Turing Test not only illustrates that test is a non-sufficient criterion for attributing thought; I suggest it also exemplifies limiting case more general concern machine which has access to enormous amounts data can pass by simple symbol-manipulation techniques. If answers human interrogator are ent...

We restrict attention to the validity problem for unquantified disjunctions of literals (possibly negated atomic formulae) over the domain of integers, or what is just as good, the satisfiability problem for unquantified conjunctions. When = is the only predicate symbol and all function symbols are left uninterpreted, or when ≤ is the only predicate symbol (taking its standard interpretation on...

The notion of mind as symbol processor is fundamental to AI and congitive science, but some connectionists are now arguing against it. Eliminative connectionism challenges the validity of formal symbol manipulation as a level of mental description. We review some of the claims that have been made, and argue that most connectionist models, especially those constructed by learning algorithms, are...

Mimesis theory is one of the primitive skill of imitative learn ing which is regarded as an origin of human intelligence because imita tion is fundamental function for communication and symbol manipula tion When the mimesis is adopted as learning method for humanoids loads for designing full body behavior would be decrease because bottom up learning approaches from robot side and top down teach...

mosques, as symbol of islamic architecture must play an important role in reflecting the superiority of allah the almighty. there are many ways in making it successful and one of them is through the high quality of aesthetic value. aesthetic value in islamic art and architecture is normally portrayed by the highest degree of motifs and ornamentation. contemporary mosque designers normally focus...

The method of using Hopf algebras for calculating Feynman integrals developed by Abreu et al. is applied to the two-loop nonplanar on-shell diagram with massless propagators and three external mass scales. We show that existence cut diagrams comprising coproduct, first entry condition integrability was found be true planar case also holds case; furthermore, symbol alphabet same as case. This on...