In this paper I present and update some of the major points Russell Schuh and I made in our 1974 Linguistic Inquiry paper concerning universals of tone rules. Emphasis is on the distinction we made between synchronic and diachronic naturalness. Any diachronic change can be a synchronic rule while the reserve is not the case. We suggest(ed) that it is profitable to talk about natural synchronic ...

Purpose To compare morphologic changes on en face images derived from wide-field swept-source optical coherence tomography (ssOCT) to hypo- and hyperautofluorescent (hypoAF, hyperAF) areas on short-wavelength autofluorescence (SW-AF), and near-infrared (NIR)-AF in recessive Stargardt disease (STGD1). Methods Wide-field ssOCT cube scans were obtained from 16 patients (16 eyes). Averaged B-scan...

Speech perception phenomena have been drawn on by researchers in the area of phonological theory to elucidate synchronic phonological processes such as neutralization (Steriade 1995, 1997), consonant/consonant metathesis (Hume 1998, 2001), place assimilation (Jun 1995), etc. It has also been found that listeners' perceptual abilities are influenced by their native language experience (e.g. Hume...

In agricultural lands, high nutrient levels of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium are very important due to the high need of plants. By improving the nutrient content of sodium soils, the fertility and growth of the plants improve. Accordingly, in order to investigate the effect of underground drainage on soil quality in Khuzestan region, this experiment was carried out in a completely randomiz...

BACKGROUND The major cat allergen Fel d I consists of two polypeptide chains linked by disulfide bonds, each of which has been expressed in bacteria. To investigate the antigenic structure of Fel d I, antibody binding to the native molecule and to each recombinant chain were compared. METHODS Polyclonal human IgE and IgG antibodies and monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) to Fel d I were compared for...

The aim in this study was to investigate the emergence of immediate imitation, deferred imitation and synchronic imitation in human infants through the second year. A longitudinal study was conducted of eighty-six infants at three monthly intervals from 12through to 24-months-of-age. At each session the infants were assessed for immediate, deferred and synchronic imitation. Immediate and deferr...

BACKGROUND Atrial fibrillation (AF) has been linked to inflammatory factors and obesity. Epicardial fat is a source of several inflammatory mediators related to the development of coronary artery disease. We hypothesized that periatrial fat may have a similar role in the development of AF. METHODS AND RESULTS Left atrium (LA) epicardial fat pad thickness was measured in consecutive cardiac CT...

This study from the area of language variation and change is based on exploitation of the comparable diachronic and synchronic corpora of 20th century British and American English language (the ‘Brown family’ of corpora). We investigate recent changes of lexical density and lexical richness in two consecutive thirty-year time gaps in British English (1931–1961 and 1961–1991) and in 1961–1992 in...