1-[4-(2-Dimethylaminoethoxy)-phenyl]-1,2-diphenylbut-1-(Z)-ene (tamoxifen, TAM) is a nonsteroidal antiestrogen that has been commonly used for the prevention and treatment of estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer. TAM is extensively metabolized into several primary active metabolites including 4-hydroxy-TAM (4-OH-TAM) and endoxifen. Glucuronidation is the major phase II metabolic pathway imp...

Involvement of the immune system in tumour progression is at the forefront of cancer research. Analysis of the tumour immune microenvironment has yielded a wealth of information on tumour biology, and alterations in some immune subtypes, such as tumour-associated macrophages (TAM), can be strong prognostic indicators. Here, we use optical tissue clearing and a TAM-targeting injectable fluoresce...

UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) 1A4-catalyzed glucuronidation is an important drug elimination pathway. Although atypical kinetic profiles (nonhyperbolic, non-Michaelis-Menten) of UGT1A4-catalyzed glucuronidation have been reported occasionally, systematic kinetic studies to explore the existence of multiple aglycone binding sites in UGT1A4 have not been conducted. To this end, two positional...

The typed access matrix (TAM) model was recently de ned by Sandhu. TAM combines the strong safety properties for propagation of access rights obtained in Sandhu's Schematic Protection Model, with the natural expressive power of Harrison, Ruzzo, and Ullman's model. In this paper we consider the implementation of TAM in a distributed environment. To this end we propose a simpli ed version of TAM ...

An increased incidence of endometrial cancer has been reported in breast cancer patients taking tamoxifen (TAM) and in healthy women participating in the TAM chemoprevention trials. Because TAM-DNA adducts are mutagenic and detected in the endometrium of women treated with TAM, TAM adducts are suspected to initiate the development of endometrial cancer. Treatment with TAM has been known to prom...

Tumor-associated macrophages (TAM) are exposed to multiple microenvironmental cues in tumors, which collaborate to endow these cells with protumoral activities. Hypoxia, caused by an imbalance in oxygen supply and demand because of a poorly organized vasculature, is often a prominent feature in solid tumors. However, to what extent tumor hypoxia regulates the TAM phenotype in vivo is unknown. H...

Long-term tamoxifen (TAM) therapy was examined in athymic mice bearing MCF-7 tumors of different sizes. Six months of TAM treatment caused no increase in tumor size (compared to placebo treatment) for animals treated initially following implantation of tumor pieces (approximately 1 mm3) or for animals with 0.2-cm2 tumors (grown with 1 month of estrogen treatment). Tumors could be regrown with e...

Tamoxifen (TAM), an estrogen receptor antagonist used primarily to treat breast cancer, has well-recognized antifungal properties, but the activity of TAM has not been fully characterized using standardized (i.e., CLSI) in vitro susceptibility testing, nor has it been demonstrated in an in vivo model of fungal infection. In addition, its mechanism of action remains to be clearly defined at the ...

Long-term tamoxifen (TAM) therapy was examined in athymic mice bearing MCF-7 tumors of different sizes. Six months of TAM treatment caused no increase in tumor size (compared to placebo treatment) for animals treated initially following implantation of tumor pieces (approx imately 1 mm3) or for animals with 0.2-cm2 tumors (grown with 1 month of estrogen treatment). Tumors could be regrown with ...

Tualang honey (TH) is rich in flavonoids and phenolic acids and has significant anticancer activity against breast cancer cells comparable to the effect of tamoxifen (TAM), in vitro. The current study evaluated the effects of TH when used in combination with TAM on MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cells. We observed that TH promoted the anticancer activity of TAM in both the estrogen receptor-(ER-)responsi...