The structure of pipe networks minimizing the total energy dissipation rate is studied analytically. Among all the possible pipe networks that can be built with a given total pipe volume (or pipe lateral surface area), the network which minimizes the dissipation rate is shown to be loopless. Furthermore, such an optimal network is shown to contain at most N-2 nodes in addition to the N sources ...

Whether a landfill facility is conducting a bioreactor operation with large-scale liquid injection or simply recirculating site-generate leachate, achieving uniform liquid distribution in the waste mass is always a critical operational goal. Several methods of liquid introduction have been adopted by the industry. Of these methods, subsurface lateral injection lines (including perforated plasti...

Abstract This paper proposes a commutative flow technology of drip irrigation in looped pipe network. Switching the direction can improve velocity lateral, consequently washing up sediment deposited lateral and channel emitter. Thus, this reduce deposition prevent blockage pipe. To verify effectiveness technology, experiment was conducted, unidirectional control. At end tests, emitter average r...

Pipe-in-pipe (PIP) flowlines have been widely arranged in offshore oil and gas fields for transportation, to achieve a significant thermal insulation capacity outstanding resistance external loads. However, the lateral indentation mechanisms of these multilayer pipelines are more complicated than those single-layer pipelines. In this paper, change deformation laws PIP structure were studied by ...

The fluid-conveying pipe is a fundamental dynamical problem in the field of fluid– structure interactions. In recent years considerable attention has been given to the lateral vibrations of pipes containing by a moving fluid. In this paper, the vibration analysis of composite natural gas pipeline in the thermal and humidity environment is studied. The effect of the non-uniform magnetic field is...

Low-loss spot size converters (SSC) are important elements for coupling photonic integrated circuits to fibres. We have developed a Cl2-based inductively-coupled-plasma process to etch non-selectively InP and photo-resist (PR). This process was then used to transfer a vertically-tapered PR pattern into an InP/InGaAsP structure. The tapered PR pattern was made using a standard optical lithograph...

In the atrophic posterior maxilla, placement of longer (at least 10 mm) and wider diameter implants may significantly improve long-term results, but sinus grafting is often necessary to provide sufficient bone volume for implant support. The crestal approach to sinus augmentation requires penetration of the sinus floor with surgical instruments that are often difficult to control; there is a hi...