Galanin receptors (provisional nomenclature as recommended by NC-IUPHAR [57]) are activated the endogenous peptides galanin and galanin-like peptide. Human is a 30 amino-acid non-amidated peptide [52]; in other species, it 29 amino acids long C-terminally amidated. Amino 1-14 of highly conserved mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibia fish. Shorter species (e.g. human galanin-1-19 [21] porcine galan...

To understand the roles of secretory peptides in developmental signaling, we have studied Drosophila mutant for the gene peptidylglycine alpha-hydroxylating monooxygenase (PHM). PHM is the rate-limiting enzyme for C-terminal alpha-amidation, a specific and necessary modification of secretory peptides. In insects, more than 90% of known or predicted neuropeptides are amidated. PHM mutants lack P...

Posttranslational processing of preprosecretin generates several COOH-terminally extended forms of secretin and α-carboxyl amidated secretin. We used synthetic canine secretin analogs with COOH-terminal -amide, -Gly, or -Gly-Lys-Arg to examine the effects of COOH-terminal extensions of secretin on bioactivity and detection in RIA. Synthetic products were purified by reverse-phase and ion-exchan...

The kinetics and thermodynamics of binding of transportan 10 (tp10) and four of its variants to phospholipid vesicles, and the kinetics of peptide-induced dye efflux, were compared. Tp10 is a 21-residue, amphipathic, cationic, cell-penetrating peptide similar to helical antimicrobial peptides. The tp10 variants examined include amidated and free peptides, and replacements of tyrosine by tryptop...

As is the case with many other peptide hormones of the brain and gut, gastrin requires a carboxyl-terminal amide moiety for optimal biological activity. In the structure of progastrin, the carboxyl-terminal Phe of gastrin is followed by the sequence Gly93-Arg94-Arg95, which must be processed sequentially by an endoprotease, a carboxypeptidase, and an amidating enzyme to produce amidated bioacti...

BACKGROUND During development of recombinant monoclonal antibodies in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells, C-terminal amidated species are observed. C-terminal amidation is catalysed by peptidylglycine α-amidating monooxygenase (PAM), an enzyme known to be expressed in CHO cells. The significant variations between clones during clone selection, and the relatively high content of amidated species ...

We investigated the role of amidated neuropeptides, and specifically pituitary adenylyl cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP), in olfactory neurogenesis and olfactory receptor neuronal survival. Using both immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization, we find that both peptidylglycine alpha-amidating monooxygenase (PAM), the enzyme responsible for amidation and therefore activation of all am...

BACKGROUND The identification of permeation enhancers has gained interest in the development of drug delivery systems. A six-mer peptide, H-FCIGRL-OH (AT1002), is a tight junction modulator with promising permeation-enhancing activity. AT1002 enhances the transport of molecular weight markers or agents with low bioavailability with no cytotoxicity. However, AT1002 is not stable in neutral pH or...

The 25-35 fragment of the amyloid β (Aβ) peptide is a naturally occurring proteolytic by-product of its larger parent molecule that retains the amyloid characteristics and toxicity of the full length parent molecule. Aggregation of this peptide occurs rapidly in aqueous solutions and thus characterization of its folding process is very difficult. In the present study, early stages of Aβ(25–35) ...