Background: A licensed vaccine against hepatitis C virus (HCV) has not become available to date. The stability and antigenicity of a targeted synthesized recombinant fusion protein consisting of a truncated core and NS3 (rC/N) of HCV had been predicted. Although safe antigens, recombinant proteins are not efficacious vaccines without adjuvants. The present study evaluated the immunogenicity of ...

Intravesical instillation of Mycobacterium bovis bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) has been used for treating bladder cancer for 3 decades. However, BCG therapy is ineffective in approximately 30-40% of cases. Since evidence supports the T helper type 1 (Th1) response to be essential in BCG-induced tumor destruction, studies have focused on enhancing BCG induction of Th1 immune responses. Although...

Background and Objectives: Infection with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) results in dysregulation of the cytokine profile. A switch from a T helper 1 (Th1) to a Th2 cytokine has been proposed as an important factor in progression of HIV infection to AIDS. The aim of the present study was to assess the level of Th1 and Th2 cytokines in HIV infected individuals in order to identify t...

conclusions in conclusion, pegfp-kmp-gp96 (fusion) induced th1 platform immune response against leishmania major (mrho/ir/75/er) infection. results according to the results, the level of cytokines interferon-gamma (ifn-γ) and interleukin (il)-4, and ratio of ifn-γ /il4 was changed among different groups of mice before and seven weeks after immunization. the cytokines were increased significantl...

We focus on how the IL-1 system, T-helper1 (Th1) or Th2 cytokines and glucocorticoids, converge to give a unified physiological response. Glucocorticoids inhibit IL-1 and IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1ra) expression, Th1 cytokines stimulate both and Th2 cytokines stimulate IL-1ra and inhibit IL-1. Thus, during the Th1 response there is a window for IL-1 inflammatory activity, absent during the ...

activated macrophages have been classified into classical (m1) and alternative (m2) macrophages. we aimed to establish a method to yield enough number of macrophages to analyze their molecular, biological and immunological functions. we used drugs; adjuvant albumin from chicken egg whites—imject alum (ova- alum) and ova complete freund adjuvant (ova-cfa), to induce macrophages to m2 and m1 resp...

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) disease progression is associated with a helper T cell 1 (Th1) to helper T cell 2 (Th2) cytokine profile switch. Persistent GB virus type C (GBV-C) infection is associated with survival and a serum Th1 cytokine profile in HIV-infected individuals. We found that GBV-C infection increased gene expression of Th1 cytokines and decreased Th2 cytokine expression in ...

Following activation, naive CD4+ Th cells can differentiate to selectively produce either the Th1 lineage-specific cytokine IFN-gamma or the Th2 cytokine IL-4 and, in so doing, lose the capacity to produce cytokines of the alternative lineage. Lineage commitment of murine CD4+ T cells has largely been considered to be absolute with little flexibility to produce cytokines of the opposing lineage...

background and objectives: infection with human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) results in dysregulation of the cytokine profile. a switch from a t helper 1 (th1) to a th2 cytokine has been proposed as an important factor in progression of hiv infection to aids. the aim of the present study was to assess the level of th1 and th2 cytokines in hiv infected individuals in order to identify the switch...

This review focuses on the possible role of T cells in successful pregnancy and in unexplained recurrent abortion. The functions exhibited by Th1 and Th2 cells have suggested, perhaps in a simplistic way, that Th1-type cytokines, which promote allograft rejection, may compromise pregnancy, whereas the Th2-type cytokines, by inhibiting Th1 responses, promote allograft tolerance and therefore may...