Dena Biosphere Reserve located in Iran and is a 550 Biosphere Reserve in the worlds. This research was investigated in the two protected and non-protected areas, in a Dena Biosphere Reserve, Kohkeloye va Boyrahmad province, and central zagros forest, southwest of Iran. Inventory methods designed by systemetic-randomaiz method by use the rectangular plots that were 15×30 meters in the 100×100 m ...

background: informal payments in the health sector of many developing countries are considered as a major impediment to health care reforms. informal payments are a form of systemic fraud and have adverse effects on the performance of the health system. in this study, the frequency and extent of informal payments as well as the determinants of these payments were investigated in general hospita...

introduction land use and land cover change (lucc) is a complex issue resulted from biophysical, socio-economic, cultural, organizational and technological factors in different spatial and temporal scales. lucc considered as an important threat to biodiversity as causing the fragmentation, natural vegetation destruction and natural areas isolation the regions which managed by environmental prot...

The quick construction of the Shortest Path Tree (SPT) is essential to achieve fast routing speed for an interior network using link state protocols, such as OSPF and IS-IS. Whenever the network topology changes, the old SPT must be updated. In a network with a large number of nodes, the technology with the whole SPT re-computation by traditional static algorithms is very inefficient. It will t...

Dena Biosphere Reserve located in Iran and is a 550 Biosphere Reserve in the worlds. This research was investigated in the two protected and non-protected areas, in a Dena Biosphere Reserve, Kohkeloye va Boyrahmad province, and central zagros forest, southwest of Iran. Inventory methods designed by systemetic-randomaiz method by use the rectangular plots that were 15×30 meters in the 100×100 m ...

Dena Biosphere Reserve located in Iran and is a 550 Biosphere Reserve in the worlds. This research was investigated in the two protected and non-protected areas, in a Dena Biosphere Reserve, Kohkeloye va Boyrahmad province, and central zagros forest, southwest of Iran. Inventory methods designed by systemetic-randomaiz method by use the rectangular plots that were 15×30 meters in the 100×100 m ...

Natural areas have been reserved for thousands of years. However, the reasons for reservation have changed with time. Natural areas management objectives have changed from personal/individual human needs to environmental protection. Unlike old protected areas, new protected areas have multiple management objectives. The management objectives changed from protection for now to protection for the...

introduction conservation and management of landscapes and beautiful sceneries is one of the necessities of establishing and maintaining the protected areas. analysis of landscape visual quality has an important place in landscape planning and designing. in this way, reviewing effective criteria and discovering the simple patterns which affect the landscapes is the most important step of modeli...