Several automated border detection approaches for three-dimensional echocardiography have been developed in recent years, allowing quantification of a range of clinically important parameters. In this review, the background and principles of these approaches and the different classes of methods are described from a practical perspective, as well as the research trends to achieve a robust method.

In 1976, Hughes and Thompson introduced the idea of steering the maximum response of a linear array by amplitude weighting the output signals of the elements, thus eliminating the need for time delays or phase-shift networks. Currently that amplitude-steered array concept is being extended to a broadband two-dimensional array that can be used for real-time three-dimensional imaging. In shifting...

The introduction of affordable, consumer-oriented 3-D printers is a milestone in the current "maker movement," which has been heralded as the next industrial revolution. Combined with free and open sharing of detailed design blueprints and accessible development tools, rapid prototypes of complex products can now be assembled in one's own garage--a game-changer reminiscent of the early days of ...

We show that three-dimensional incoherent primary sources can be reconstructed from finite-aperture Fresnel-zone mutual intensity measurements by means of coordinate and Fourier transformation. The spatial bandpass and impulse response for three-dimensional imaging that result from use of this approach are derived. The transverse and longitudinal resolutions are evaluated as functions of apertu...

Nowadays, the research about three-dimensional topology control has focused on ensuring the connectivity of the networks, and has seldom considered the balance between neighbor node degree and energy consumption minimum path. In order to solve this problem, this paper proposes an adjustable topology control algorithm in three-dimensional wireless sensor networks, and this algorithm can dynamica...