familiarity with the normal and abnormal anatomy of the root canal system is essential for successful root canal treatment. the possibility of concomitant three-rooted and three- canalled maxillary and mandibular premolars are extremely rare. the purpose of this paper was to report a case with a three-rooted maxillary first premolar and two three-rooted mandibular premolars.

Germectomy (enucleation) of the first bicuspids has shown to be an effective treatment in management dental crowding mixed dentition because it produces intraosseous decongestion mass between permanent canines and second bicuspids. This provides early available space for autonomic eruption without interference from bicuspid canine which erupts into a highly stable position within arch, facilita...

There are no quantitative data on the mechanical efficacy of irrigation in the removal of bacteria from curved canals. This study quantitatively analyzed the effects of root canal curvature and preparation size on the mechanical efficacy of irrigation using 33 mandibular single-rooted bicuspids allocated to groups according to root canal curvatures, group 1 (straight) 4 to 8 degrees, group 2 (i...