UNLABELLED TSH receptor antibodies (TRAbs) are the pathological hallmark of Graves' disease, present in nearly all patients with the disease. Euthyroid Graves' ophthalmopathy (EGO) is a well-recognized clinical entity, but its occurrence in patients with negative TRAbs is a potential source of diagnostic confusion. A 66-year-old female presented to our endocrinology clinic with right eye pain a...

Thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy is the most frequent extrathyroidal involvement of Graves' disease but it sometimes occurs in euthyroid or hypothyroid patients. Thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy is an autoimmune disorder, but its pathogenesis is not completely understood. Autoimmunity against putative antigens shared by the thyroid and the orbit plays a role in the pathogenesis of disease. Th...

Thyroid associated ophthalmopathy is an autoimmune disorder affecting the orbital and periorbital tissues. Hyperthyroidism is commonly associated with thyroid associated ophthalmopathy, however in 5% to 10% of cases it is euthyroid. Genetic, environmental and endogenous factors play a role in the initiation of the thyroid ophthalmopathy. Smoking has been identified as the strongest risk factor ...

OBJECTIVES To appraise the measurement properties of thyroid-specific health-related quality-of-life (HRQOL) instruments and to provide recommendations on the choice of HRQOL instruments. STUDY DESIGN AND SETTING Systematic review of English-language literature published between 1993 and 2015 identified psychometric studies involving patients with thyroid disease through a search of Pubmed, W...

Thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy (TAO), or thyroid eye disease, is a complex inflammatory disorder of the eye that, as its name implies, is associated with thyroid disease. TAO can be divided into three subtypes: ocular myopathy, congestive myopathy and mixed congestive and myopathic ophthalmopathy. Although the precise pathophysiology of TAO remains unclear it is likely to reflect an autoimmu...

PURPOSE Graves ophthalmopathy and Graves disease may be caused by the same autoimmune process. An explanation for this may be the presence of autoantibodies reacting with an autoantigen in the orbit and the thyroid gland, like the thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) receptor. The purpose of this study was to see if initial levels of TSH receptor antibodies, known as thyroid-stimulating immunoglob...

About 25-50% of Graves' disease (GD) patients develop thyroid eye diseases, which is associated with inflammatory process and abnormalities in the levels of several cytokines in orbital tissues in GD. The aim of this study was to determine the Th1 and Th2 serum cytokines in patients with GD with or without ophthalmopathy. Serum levels of cytokines and autoantibodies including Interferon-gamma (...

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection induces not only chronic liver disease, but also extrahepatic manifestations such as thyroid disease and oral cancer. Thyroid dysfunction is also a complication known to be associated with interferon (IFN) therapy for HCV infection. We report on a 69-year-old Japanese man who developed Graves' ophthalmopathy and tongue cancer (malignant transformation of leukop...

Graves ophthalmopathy (GO) usually occurs in a close temporal relationship with hyperthyroidism. It is rare in patients with normal thyroid function (euthyroid GO) and in patients with hypothyroid forms of thyroid autoimmune diseases (hypothyroid GO). We report a 52-years old man presenting in our endocrine clinic with diagnosed primary hypothyroidism 3 months back during evaluation for glaucom...

Thyroid associated ophthalmopathy, or thyroid eye disease (TED), is a complex inflammatory disorder of the eye that, as its name implies, is usually associated with thyroid disease. Clinical observation supports the existence of three main TED subtypes, namely ocular myopathy, congestive myopathy, and mixed congestive and myopathic ophthalmopathy. Although the precise pathophysiology of TED rem...