Background: Tincture of opium (TOP) is currently used for maintenance therapy in treatment of opioids addiction. It contains ethanol. The present study was conducted to assess the increase in blood alcohol concentration (BAC) in its users; a process which may interfere with breath-alcohol test performed by law enforcement or traffic police. Methods: A total of 143 individuals were selected rand...

1 st.?The tincture of the Indian hemp being a preparation of Ganja, some practitioners used it by the stomach rather than the fumes of the dried leaves by the lungs ; and the result invariably was unsatisfactory. The same may be said of opium and chloroform. The effect of Opium (Golee) smoking is instantaneous, and more lasting than that of opium eating. Similarly chloroform acts faster, and lo...

The pharmacological treatment of pain has very ancient origins, when plant-derived products were used, including mandrake extracts and opium, a dried latex obtained from Papaver somniferum. In the XVI and XVII centuries opium came into the preparation of two compounds widely used for pain relief: laudanum and Dover's powder. The analgesic properties of extracts of willow bark were then recogniz...

Dr Klein‟s assertions about the origins of registers on drug-related death are inaccurate, probably due to misunderstanding some of the fundamental epidemiological indicators of drug misuse, including mortality. Whilst it is true that there were many deaths involving the misuse of opium, typically as laudanum, in the nineteenth century, the need for civil registration of deaths in the UK introd...

Data fusion in today’s context has a huge impact in terms of the cognizance and decision paradigms. The data fusion paradigms are either model based or architecture based. The popular data fusion architectures are Thomopoulos Architecture, Distributed Blackboard Data Fusion Architecture, System-based Data Fusion Architecture, Hierarchical Data Fusion Architecture, Distributed Data Fusion Archit...

a woollen abdominal binder. WVarm baths are useful in relieving spasm. Of drugs, those of the atropine group are of great service, tincture of belladonna or hyoscyamus being commonly employed. One must findl the optimum dose for each case, as individual susceptibility is variable. It is best given before or between meals. Its use may be discontinued at times of well-being, but commencing consti...