The present study investigated the factor structure of a field trial sample of the Test of English as a Foreign LanguageTM Internet-based test (TOEFL iBT). An item-level confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was conducted for a polychoric correlation matrix of items on a test form completed by 2,720 participants in the 2003–2004 TOEFL iBT Field Study. CFA-based multitrait-multimethod (MTMM) analys...

Backgound: Having been influenced by the trend of internationalization of higher education, most universities in Taiwan have implemented an English benchmark requirement for graduation, which requires students to demonstrate their English ability at a specified Common European Framework of Reference for Languages (CEFR) level through taking a standardized English language test (e.g., GEPT, IELT...

Globalization has made English more important than ever. Through time, curriculum designers and teacher practitioners remain steadfast in finding ways to advance the quality of student learning. To ascertain language teaching learning, parameters like standardized tests are set. This paper examined, at cross-country level, difference between 2009 2013 Test as a Foreign Language (TOEFL) iBT scor...