background macrophages play critical roles in innate immune response in the liver. whether macrophages participate in liver innate immunity against hcv replication is poorly understood objectives the aim of this study was to investigate the role of macrophages in liver innate immunity against hcv replication. conclusions macrophages may play an important role in liver innate immunity against hc...

background: it is not yet known which types of toll-like receptors (tlrs) are most effective in helicobacter pylori (h. pylori) recognition. it is also not known which gastric zones have the most prominent roles in tlr-mediated bacterial recognition. the aim of this work was to analyze the expression of tlr2 and tlr4 in biopsy specimens from h. pylori-infected patients. methods: thirty-eight pa...

systemic lupus erythematosus (sle) is a chronic autoimmune disease which results in damage to various organs. some animal studies have revealed that activation of toll-like receptors (tlrs) is important in the pathogenesis of sle. in the present study, the percentage of different immune cell subsets in 35 sle patients and 38 control subjects was analyzed by flow cytometry. we also assessed the ...

background: stroke is a leading cause of death all around the world, and ischemic stroke is considered to be the most common stroke type. toll-like receptors (tlrs) are important molecules for detection of both pathogen invasion and tissue damage. in this regard, the purpose of this study was to assess the expression level of tlr2 on monocytes in patients with ischemic stroke and to evaluate th...

the role of microbiota in health and disease is the subject of rigorous investigation. several studies have demonstrated that microbiota and the pattern-recognition receptors contribute to intestinal tumourigenesis; the exact mechanism of which is still obscure. myd88 is the downstream effector of all toll-like receptors (tlrs) except tlr3. however, the alternative myd88-independent pathway is ...

toll-like receptor (tlr) 7 and 8 mediate anti-virus immunity and are of particular relevance to asthma. however, very little information about genetic association on tlr7/8 and asthma are available. this study aimed to evaluate the effects of polymorphisms in tlr7 and 8 on asthma risk and asthma-related phenotypes in a chinese han population. we enrolled 462 unrelated adult asthmatic patients a...

background: recently, reports have indicated a role for the membrane form of toll-like receptor 2 (tlr2) in asthma pathogenesis. in this study we examined soluble tlr2 levels in serum and sputum of asthmatic and healthy subjects. methods: serum and sputum samples were obtained from 33 asthmatic and 19 healthy subjects. the asthmatics were classified into four groups according to the global init...

introduction : the innate immune system as the first line of defense against the pathogens recognizes pathogen-associated molecular patterns (pamps) by toll-like receptors (tlrs). interaction of bacterial pamps by tlrs results in activation of innate and acquired immunity. fimh adhesin, a minor component of type 1 fimbriae encoded by uropathogenic escherichia coli (upec) is a pamp of tlr4 that ...

background: recognition of helminth-derived pathogen associated molecular patterns (pamps) by pattern recognition receptors (prrs), including toll like recep­tors (tlrs) is the first step towards initiating anti–helminth immune re­sponses. methods : using somatic antigens of ostertagia occidentalis, an important abomasal parasite of ruminants, the expression of ovine tlr2 and tlr4 in peripheral...