Information Technology General Controls may seem like an abstract idea to some. However, the existenc e of these controls is what helps ensure the security, confidentiality, availability and integrity of corporate data and is therefore an integral part of the overall business. General controls are not limited to those discussed below, however, these should be the focus when considering how the ...

We argue that intelligible appeals to interlevel causes (top-down and bottom-up) can be understood, without remainder, as appeals to mechanistically mediated effects. Mechanistically mediated effects are hybrids of causal and constitutive relations, where the causal relations are exclusively intralevel. The idea of causation would have to stretch to the breaking point to accommodate interlevel ...

abstract purpose - the aim of this paper is to describe the population ecology theory through fractal thinking, an emergent human operating system that is creative, adaptive, healthy, and evolutionary; furthermore, a parallel is drawn between the population ecology model and the fractal structure. top-down hierarchies are typically characterized by command and control systems of the authority t...

At its most fundamental, cognition as displayed by biological agents (such as humans) may be described as being the manipulation and utilisation of memory. A low-level approach to the associative sensory-motor development of cognition is then appropriate, rather than the more common higher-level functional approach. A novel theoretical framework – the memory-based cognitive framework (MBCF) – i...