The scattering of infinitesimal inviscid internal waves at topography redistributes the incoming energy flux in wave number and physical space. This energy flux redistribution describes the scattering process most succinctly. The definitions of the redistributed energy flux in wave number space and in various subspaces are given. All of the incident energy flux is redistributed in wave number s...

Most studies dealing with home ranges consider the study areas as if they were totally flat, working only in two dimensions, when in reality they are irregular surfaces displayed in three dimensions. By disregarding the third dimension (i.e., topography), the size of home ranges underestimates the surface actually occupied by the animal, potentially leading to misinterpretations of the animals'...

The individual components of the slope-parallel surface radiation balance were measured in and around Arizona’s Meteor Crater to investigate the effects of topography on the radiation balance. The crater basin has a diameter of 1.2 km and a depth of 170 m. The observations cover the crater floor, the crater rim, four sites on the inner sidewalls on an east–west transect, and two sites outside t...

Introduction: The Olympus Mons shield volcano on the northwestern edge of Mars’ Tharsis rise is the largest volcano in the solar system. Its volcanic history is intimately tied with the volcanic and geodynamic history of Tharsis and of Mars as a whole. Previous studies used crater counting to estimate the age of the flanks of Olympus, with typical values of ~200 Myr [1]. However, establishing t...

Analytical estimates of the rate at which energy is extracted from the barotropic tide at topography and converted into internal gravity waves are given. The ocean is idealized as an inviscid, vertically unbounded fluid on the f plane. The gravity waves are treated by linear theory and freely escape to z 5 `. Several topographies are investigated: a sinusoidal ripple, a set of Gaussian bumps, a...

Oscillatory tides flowing over rough topography on the ocean floor generate internal gravity waves, which are a major source of ocean mixing. Linear inviscid theory can describe waves generated by gentle topography with slopes that are less steep than the propagation angle of the internal waves; such topography is termed subcritical. However, a clear physical picture of internal waves generated...

This paper studies the interaction of an Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC)–like wind-driven channel flow with a continental slope and a flat-bottomed bay-shaped shelf near the channel’s southern boundary. Interaction between the model ACC and the topography in the second layer induces local changes of the potential vorticity (PV) flux, which further causes the formation of a first-layer PV fr...

abstract: the aim of this study is analysis of drainage basins neotectonic in the north slope of bozqoosh mountains by geomorphological methods. to attain this aim, it used of field observation, areal photographs and five geomorphic indexes in 20 basins of the north slope of bozqoosh mountains. indexes were calculated by topography maps (1: 50000), geological maps (1: 100000) and areal photogr...

We studied the influence of altitude on the spatial heterogeneity of tree diversity and forest structure in a subtropical evergreen broadleaf forest in southern China. Significant positive correlation was found between tree species diversity, basal area and altitude, but negative correlation between slenderness of trunks and altitude. According to topography, tree species diversity, diameter at...