Biodiversity may enhance productivity either because diverse communities more often contain productive species (selection effects) or because they show greater complementarity in resource use. Our understanding of how these effects influence community production comes almost entirely from studies of plants. To test whether previous results apply to higher trophic levels, we first used simulatio...

This paper develops complementarity constraints for nonlinear feedback control systems with additive output disturbances and sensor noise, and for nonlin-ear ltering in the presence of process noise and additive measurement noise. In the control case, the complementarity constraint is the nonlinear counterpart of the well known fact in linear feedback control theory that the sum of the sensitiv...

Adherents of the “natural trading partner” hypothesis argue that forming a PTA is more likely to raise welfare if member countries already trade disproportionately with each other. Opponents of the hypothesis claim that the opposite is true: welfare is likely to be higher if member countries trade less with each other. This paper shows that neither analysis is correct and that the “natural trad...

This paper develops an idea flows theory of trade and growth with heterogeneous firms. New firms learn from incumbent firms, but the diffusion technology ensures entrants learn not only from frontier technologies, but from the entire technology distribution. By shifting the productivity distribution upwards, selection on productivity causes technology diffusion and this complementarity generate...

One of the main characteristics of trade in services is that a limited number of services can be traded across the border. In fact, a larger number of services require physical contact between consumers and producers in order to allow the transaction to occur. In this respect, trade in services has been classified by four modes of supply: Mode 1, cross-border trade; Mode 2 , consumption abroad;...

this research with explaining of concept of reason and distending with knowledge talks about ethical complementarity of human and relation between that concept and growth of reason with emphasis on ghorar-al-hekam book of imam ali. in this article, we will receive to depth relation between reason and ethic on imam ali’s speeches and ethic without reason isn’t complete and reason without ethic c...