To match the observed patterns of protection over business cycle, I add unemployment into two models of trade policy: ‘Protection for Sale’(1994) and ‘Trade Wars and Trade Talks’(1995) by Grossman and Helpman. The source of unemployment is …nancial frictions: as in Aghion et.al. (2009) …rms with pro…ts less than a random threshold are liquidated. With small shocks protection goes up to save emp...

The purpose of this paper is to, firstly explain the reason of international trade according to recent theories; secondly, collect several sorts of opinions about free trade and protectionism referring to relevant literatures; thirdly describe export barriers in different aspects, such as natural barriers and artificial barriers; lastly from trade regulation perspective introduce WTO as a tool ...

Earlier economic studies attribute the presence of trade barriers to the fact that protectionist interest groups better articulate their policy demands due to their greater abilities to overcome collective action problems. Contrary to consumer groups, protectionist interests have strong incentive to influence politicians through lobbying and campaign activities since the benefits of protection ...

S ince the end of World War II the U.S. share of world income has fallen, while U.S. trade with the rest of the world has increased. Many believe that these two trends are not coincidental. U.S. firms that once dominated automobile, steel, and consumer electronics industries face stiff competition from Japan and increasing competition from South Korea and other industrializing countries. In res...

S ince the end of World War II the U.S. share of world income has fallen, while U.S. trade with the rest of the world has increased. Many believe that these two trends are not coincidental. U.S. firms that once dominated automobile, steel, and consumer electronics industries face stiff competition from Japan and increasing competition from South Korea and other industrializing countries. In res...

introduction one of the most important factors that encourages consumers to purchase goods or use services, and make them choose one of them among various goods and services, is the design of products and services or their packaging. due to this importance, intellectual property rights protect the design of goods and services or their packaging. however, this protection is not limited to one br...