The interannual variability of the stratospheric polar vortex during winter in both hemispheres is observed to correlate strongly with the phase of the quasi-biennial oscillation (QBO) in tropical stratospheric winds. It follows that the lack of a spontaneously generated QBO in most atmospheric general circulation models (AGCMs) adversely affects the nature of polar variability in such models. ...

Mechanization is the characteristic of the industrial era and computerization is the characteristic of the Information Era. Now we are facing on the transition from Industrial Era to Information Era. The spatial positioning character of Geo-spatial information is attracted by Information Technology (IT) industry. Map plays an important role in the phylogeny of humankind. Concomitance with the d...

Resistance to hormonal therapies is a major clinical problem in the treatment of estrogen receptor a–positive (ERaþ) breast cancers. Epigenetic marks, namely DNA methylation of cytosine at specific CpG sites (5mCpG), are frequently associated with ERaþ status in human breast cancers. Therefore, ERa may regulate gene expression in part via DNA methylation. This hypothesis was evaluated using a p...

We discuss the prospects for " tomography " of the intergalactic medium (IGM) at high redshifts using the 21 cm transition of neutral hydrogen. Existing observational constraints on the epoch of reionization imply a complex ionization history that may require multiple generations of sources. The 21 cm transition provides a unique tool to probe this era in detail, because it does not suffer from...

We discuss the prospects for " tomography " of the intergalactic medium (IGM) at high redshifts using the 21 cm transition of neutral hydrogen. Existing observational constraints on the epoch of reionization imply a complex ionization history that may require multiple generations of sources. The 21 cm transition provides a unique tool to probe this era in detail, because it does not suffer from...

Plant biology is rapidly entering an era where we have the ability to conduct intricate studies that investigate how a plant interacts with the entirety of its environment. This requires complex, large studies to measure how plant genotypes simultaneously interact with a diverse array of environmental stimuli. Successful interpretation of the results from these studies requires us to transition...

The existing disappointment with the performance of transition economies is unjustified as far as the contraction of their industries, real wages and capital formation in the 1990s is concerned. The initial under-performance of transition economies that had inherited more severe shortages, as in former Soviet Republics, is to be expected also. We establish these results by estimating what align...

In 1964 the ERA-EDTA Registry was started as one of the first renal registries in the world. This meeting report describes how this European registry has developed over the 50 years of its existence. Where the first report presented patient numbers, nowadays the Registry acts as a platform for collaborative renal research in Europe. In addition, it provides training in epidemiology methods to n...