OBJECTIVES Postoperative complications induced by hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)) are described in the neurosurgical literature and mainly involve oxygen venous emboli, postoperative pneumocephalus; some of them even fatal. However, recently there are more and more published case reports for significant cardiac dysrhythmia related to the use of this chemical agent during routine neurosurgical inte...

Trigeminocardiac reflex (TCR) is defined as sudden onset of parasympathetic dysrhythmia including hypotension, apnea, and gastric hypermotility during stimulation of any branches of the trigeminal nerve. Previous publications imply a relation between TCR and depth of anesthesia. To gain more detailed insights into this hypothesis, we performed a systematic literature review.Literature about occ...

The trigeminocardiac reflex (TCR) is a well-recognized phenomenon that consists of bradycardia, arterial hypotension, apnea, and gastric hypermotility. It occurs particularly during ocular surgery and during other manipulations in and around the orbit. The parasympathetic supply to the face is carried in the trigeminal nerve. Alternative afferent pathways must exist via the maxillary and/or man...

PURPOSE Trigeminocardiac reflex (TCR) in craniomaxillofacial surgery can lead to severely life-threatening situations. At least mild forms are probably much more common than the existing surgical literature suggests. Therefore, the aim of this presentation of cases and literature review was to evaluate the predisposing factors leading to a classification of risk factors for potential TCR and to...