OBJECTIVE The objective of our study was to evaluate the effect that knee flexion angle while femoral tunnels are being drilled may have on the length of these tunnels, in anatomical reconstruction of the anterior cruciate ligament. METHODS We measured the lengths of anteromedial and posterolateral tunnels for the anterior cruciate ligament in 20 unpaired anatomical knee specimens (10 right a...

Studying all non-redundant proteins in 76 most-commonly found structural domains, we decipher latent patterns that characterize acceptable and unacceptable symmetries in residue-residue interactions in functional proteins. Cutting across the structural classes, a select set of pairwise interactions are found to be universally favored by geometrical and evolutionary constraints; these symmetric ...

We present a new theory which describes the collection of all tunnels of tunnel number 1 knots in S (up to orientation-preserving equivalence in the sense of Heegaard splittings) using the disk complex of the genus-2 handlebody and associated structures. It shows that each knot tunnel is obtained from the tunnel of the trivial knot by a uniquely determined sequence of simple cabling constructio...

Metal oxides with a tunnelled structure are attractive as charge storage materials for rechargeable batteries and supercapacitors, since the tunnels enable fast reversible insertion/extraction of charge carriers (for example, lithium ions). Common synthesis methods can introduce large cations such as potassium, barium and ammonium ions into the tunnels, but how these cations affect charge stora...

In this paper, we define a variant of billiards in which the ball bounces around a square grid erasing walls as it goes. We prove that there exist periodic tunnels with arbitrarily large period from any possible starting point, that there exist non-periodic tunnels from any possible starting point, and that there are versions of the problem for which the same starting point and initial directio...

High speed wind tunnels are widely used in the study of fluid flow behavior around various objects. The air flow in the starting step of supersonic wind tunnels is transient including strong shock waves caused by the interaction of the tunnel main stream and the boundary layer at walls. To arrive in running step, the tunnel must be designed so as these waves leave immediately the test section. ...

Nowadays IPv6 over IPv4 tunnels are widely used to form the global IPv6 Internet. This paper analyzes a packet fragmentation problem in IPv6 over IPv4 tunnels due to the MTU difference between IPv6 and IPv4 layers, which would greatly degrade the performance of the tunnels if ever happened. It also demonstrates an ICMP based attack that could induce the problem and gives some advice on how to d...

In [6], Goda, Scharlemann, and Thompson described a general construction of all tunnels of tunnel number 1 knots using “tunnel moves”. The theory of tunnels introduced in [3] provides a combinatorial approach to understanding tunnel moves. We use it to calculate the number of distinct minimal sequences of such moves that can produce a given tunnel. As a consequence, we see that for a sparse inf...

Introduction High tunnel production is increasing in Iowa as they provide protection from wind and frost and help extend the growing season. Although production aspects inside high tunnels are similar to field production, high tunnel environment is challenging especially when it comes to temperature management. During summer, temperatures rise fairly quickly in high tunnels and can detrimentall...

Substantial amounts of dead wood in the intertidal zone of mature mangrove forests are tunnelled by teredinid bivalves. When the tunnels are exposed, animals are able to use tunnels as refuges. In this study, the effect of teredinid tunnelling upon mangrove forest faunal diversity was investigated. Mangrove forests exposed to long emersion times had fewer teredinid tunnels in wood and wood not ...