BACKGROUND Taphonomic study of marine vertebrate remains has traditionally focused on single skeletons, lagerstätten, or bonebed genesis with few attempts to document environmental gradients in preservation. As such, establishment of a concrete taphonomic model for shallow marine vertebrate assemblages is lacking. The Neogene Purisima Formation of Northern California, a richly fossiliferous uni...

In the previous lecture, we showed that Shannon constructed a code, which was a one-to-one mapping, that took a stream of data X = (X1, ..., Xn) generated iid from a distribution P (X) over a finite alphabet A = (a1, ..., aA) of size A, and compressed it using ≈ nH(X) bits in total or ≈ H(X) bits per symbol, on average (for sufficiently large n). The code was based considering a special subset ...

Travertine deposits are a kind of continental carbonates that form in specific chemical, physical and biological conditions. Garab travertines in southeast of Mashhad are studied based on field, geochemistry (elemental and stable isotope analysis) and hydro-geochemistry analysis. Field and petrographic characterization led to recognize of crystalline crust, raft, foam, shrub, laminated, black m...

The shale of the upper Es4 formation (Es 4 u ), deposited during Eocene in Boxing Subsag Dongying Sag, is a typical set lime-rich lacustrine continental rift basin. Through logging data interpretation, core and thin section observations, geochemical elements [obtained by X radial fluorescence (XRF) mud logging] analysis, development controlling factors lithofacies cycles Es were analyzed. resul...

Reservoir zonation is the most important job in oil industry which dominantly relies on the major properties of rocks. Fundamental properties of rocks are usually understood by their detailed description in the field (lithofacies analysis) and laboratory (petrofacies analysis). The facies (lithofacies and petrofacies) determination in most subsurface studies is impractical, due to lack of cores...

This paper proposes a novel approach to the question of lithofacies classification based on an assessment of the uncertainty in the classification results. The proposed approach has multiple neural networks (NN), and interval neutrosophic sets (INS) are used to classify the input well log data into outputs of multiple classes of lithofacies. A pair of n-class neural networks are used to predict...

The Middle Member of the Lower Cambrian Deep Spring Formation at Mount Dunfee, Nevada contains a diverse assemblage of stromatolites that formed on a tideand storm-dominated, siliciclastic-influenced, carbonate shelf. The stromatolites formed in a shallow subtidal environment within and near active oolite shoals under strongly focused currents. The stromatolites occur in four different lithofac...

Lithofacies identification can provide qualitative information about rocks. It can also explain rock textures which are importantcomponents for hydrocarbon reservoir description Sarvak Formation is an important reservoir which is being studied in the Marun oilfield, in the Dezful embayment (Zagros basin). This study establishes quantitative relationships between digital well logs data androutin...

Paradigm shift in hydrocarbon exploration and development strategies has increased utilization of seismic data many fold for reservoir characterization. Complicated and nonlinear relationship between seismic attributes and reservoir properties has been addressed recently using artificial neural network techniques for lithofaices classification and prediction of reservoir properties through unsu...

Patterns of plant distribution by palaeoenvironment were examined across the Pennsylvanian-Permian transition in North-Central Texas. Stratigraphically recurrent packages of distinct lithofacies, representing different habitats, contain qualitatively and quantitatively different macrofloras and microfloras. The species pools demonstrate niche conservatism, remaining closely tied to specific hab...