Public works contracts are commonly priced and awarded through a tender process. Each bidder joining the must underwrite bid bond that guarantees their fitness as contractors in case of win. The winning contractor also needs to performance before entering contract protect procuring entity against risk arising during execution phase. This study addresses when sureties refuse issue bond, despite ...

Drawing upon research from six volunteer projects in Cambodia, this paper explores the host community as a ‘space’ that has its own rules and normalized ways of behaving influences assistance prospective beneficiaries receive. Underpinned by Bourdieu’s theory field’s, qualitative interviews participant observation is conducted with both volunteers hosts. This concludes project are not homogeneo...

Degradation of forests and Climate Change are on the agenda relevant debates at a global level. Environmental monitoring data demonstrate unsustainability need to seek ways coexistence, man natural environment, dissociated from purely economic matrix. In direction building thought that encourages society towards an educational trajectory about rational use resources, this article is presented a...

This note presents a new model, called GAMMA, which is an intertemporal applied general equilibrium model of the Dutch economy. The GAMMA model draws upon CPB’s generational accounting (GA) model, but extends it in several ways in order to account for important economic behavioural effects. In particular, the GAMMA model adds to the GA model a household sector, a firm sector and a pension fund ...

It is postulated in this research that the paradox of “advances in technology and management not keeping pace with the ever-increasing urban problems” is due to the poor understanding of person-focused governance of societal, environmental and economic entities. Therefore, the objective of this paper is to present an adaptive institutional model of person-driven effectiveness and ineffectivenes...

[1] Freshwater scarcity has been cited as the major crisis of the 21st century, but it is surprisingly hard to describe the nature of the global water crisis. We conducted a metaanalysis of 22 coupled human–water system case studies, using qualitative comparison analysis (QCA) to identify water resource system outcomes and the factors that drive them. The cases exhibited different outcomes for ...

wetlands are ecosystems with specific features and functions which have been unfortunatelydamaged by recent pressures and limitations. fast reduction of surface flows, water and wind erosion of soil,changes in the quality of water and soil resources, increasing exploitation of underground water, agriculturaldevelopment, climate change, etc. have had the most effect on these ecosystems. so this ...