A novel recombinant coxsackievirus A6 (CVA6) strain was isolated during a coxsackievirus A6 outbreak in Shanghai, China, in 2013. Genomic sequence and similarity plot analysis showed that the novel CVA6 strain shared higher similarity with a recent CVA4 strain rather than the recent CVA6 strain in the 2C and 3' untranslated regions (UTRs).

The Drosophila E(spl)m4 gene contains some highly conserved motifs (such as the Brd box, GY box, K box, and CAAC motif) in its 3' untranslated region (3' UTR). It was shown to be a microRNA target gene in Drosophila and to play an important role in the regulation of neurogenesis. We identified a homologue of the E(spl)m4 gene from Bombyx mori called BmEm4 and examined the expression patterns of...

Regulatory relationships of 686 intronic miRNA and 784 intergenic miRNAs with mRNAs of 51 intronic miRNA coding genes were established. Interaction features of studied miRNAs with 5'UTR, CDS and 3'UTR of mRNA of each gene were revealed. Functional regions of mRNA were shown to be significantly heterogenous according to the number of binding sites of miRNA and to the location density of these si...

In eukaryotes, Dom34 is involved in the rescue of ribosomes that stall on mRNAs during protein synthesis. Using ribosome profiling, Guydosh and Green reveal that, in addition to rescue of ribosomes stalled on truncated mRNAs, Dom34 also recycles ribosomes that are unexpectedly found in the 3' untranslated regions of many cellular mRNAs.

The poliovirus mutant 5NC-11 has a 4-base insertion at position 70 within the 5' untranslated region and is deficient in RNA synthesis. Revertants from 5NC-11 were isolated, showing a partial recovery of wild-type levels of RNA synthesis. The 5' noncoding region of those revertants contained the mutation intact; mix-and-match experiments with the cDNA from these revertants revealed that a restr...

It is a long-standing proposal that localization of maternal factors in eggs can provide the basis for pattern formation in the early embryo. The localized information can be stored as RNA, one example being Vg1 RNA, which is localized exclusively to the vegetal hemisphere of Xenopus oocytes and eggs. Localization of Vg1 mRNA is directed by a 340-nt sequence element contained within its 3' untr...

Despite significant progress, the general functional and evolutionary significance of the untranslated regions (UTRs) of eukaryotic transcripts remain mysterious. Particularly mysterious is the common occurrence of spliceosomal introns in transcript UTRs because UTR splicing is not necessary for restoration of transcript coding sequence. In general, it is not known to what extent such splicing ...

Virus production in the deep-sea environment has been found to be high, and viruses have been suggested to play significant roles in the overall functioning of this ecosystem. Nevertheless, little is known about these viruses, including the mechanisms that control their production, which makes them one of the least understood biological entities on Earth. Previously, we isolated the filamentous...

The role of natural selection in biology is well appreciated. Recently, however, a critical role for physical principles of network self-organization in biological systems has been revealed. Here, we employ a systems level view of genome-scale sequence and expression data to examine the interplay between these two sources of order, natural selection and physical self-organization, in the evolut...

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNAs that regulate gene expression through the binding of the 3' untranslated region (3'UTR) of specific mRNAs. MiRNAs are post-transcriptional regulators and determine the repression of translation processes or the degradation of mRNA targets. Recently, another kind of miRNA-mediated regulation of translation (repression or activation) involving the bind...