We investigate the phenomenon that every monad is a linear state monad. We do this by studying a fully-complete state-passing translation from an impure call-by-value language to a new linear type theory: the enriched call-by-value calculus. The results are not specific to store, but can be applied to any computational effect expressible using algebraic operations, even to effects that are not ...

HIGHLIGHTS • Value-added measures are not a good source of information for helping teachers improve because they provide little information on effective and actionable practices. • School, district, and state leaders may be able to improve teaching by using value-added to shape decisions about programs, human resources, and incentives. • Value-added measures of improvement are more precise meas...

Because of the strong overreliance on p values in scientific literature, some researchers have argued that we need to move beyond and embrace practical alternatives. When proposing alternatives statisticians often commit “statistician’s fallacy,” whereby they declare which statistic really “want know.” Instead telling what want know, should teach questions can ask. In situations, answer questio...