OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to demonstrate the efficacy of an ultra-low-dose vaginal estriol 0.03 mg in combination with viable Lactobacillus acidophilus KS400 (Gynoflor(®) vaginal tablets) in the short-term therapy and to investigate the long-term maintenance dose in the treatment of vaginal atrophy. METHODS This was a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study (Controlled ph...

OBJECTIVES This study aimed to assess the effect of the Microablative Fractional CO2 Laser (CO2-laser) therapy on vaginal pathophysiology and the symptoms of the Genitourinary Syndrome of Menopause (GSM). METHODS Postmenopausal women with moderate to severe symptoms of GSM underwent three sessions of CO2-laser therapy at monthly intervals. Participants were evaluated at baseline and 4 weeks a...

OBJECTIVE To evaluate serum estradiol (E2) in postmenopausal women who received 0.025 mg/d or 0.05 mg/d transdermal estradiol, in an equivalent trial. MATERIAL AND METHOD One hundred and eight postmenopausal women were randomized into 0.025 mg/d and 0.05 mg/d of transdermal E2 matrix patch. After 12 weeks, serum E2 and vaginal maturation index (VMI) were checked in both groups. Adverse effect...

OBJECTIVE To evaluate diagnostic value of vaginal pH and cervical length measurement in the second trimester of pregnancy as a preterm labor (PTL) predictor. METHODS During a prospective cohort study 438 uncomplicated singleton pregnant women between 18 and 24 weeks of gestation were assessed regarding vaginal PH and cervical length. Vaginal pH was measured using Ph-indicator strips and cervi...

Electrolytic lesions were placed in the hypothalamus of two-day-old female rats. Destruction of the mediobasal part of the preoptic area resulted in persistent vaginal estrus starting on the day of vaginal opening, while lesions placed laterally in the preoptic-anterior hypothalamic area did not interfere with normal cycles. Therefore, the mediobasal hypothalamus is capable of undergoing matura...

Isoflavones are soy phytoestrogens that potentially exert various favorable effects in postmenopausal women, for example, alleviating vasomotor episodes, attenuating bone loss, and stimulating vaginal epithelial maturation. There has, however, been lack of consensus regarding those therapeutic effects. Most clinical studies of isoflavones have been conducted with women who had undergone natural...

OBJECTIVE In this study, we aimed at evaluation of the efficacy of Hypericum perforatum and flaxseed on hot flash, vaginal atrophy and estrogen-dependent cancers in menopausal women. MATERIALS AND METHODS We searched MEDLINE, Scopus, and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (RCT) to explore trials that assessed the effectiveness of H. perforatum and flaxseed on hot flash, vagina...

OBJECTIVES To measure the effect of vaginal estrogen cream in the treatment of vaginal atrophy in menopausal Indian women. METHODS A total of 50 menopausal women aged between 40 and 80 years old with symptoms of vaginal atrophy were selected and treated with 0.5 g vaginal estrogen cream, twice weekly for 12 weeks. The women were followed-up monthly where symptom score, Genital Health Clinical...

Patient A was a 30-year-old white woman with a longstanding history of primary amenorrhea and infertility. By age 18 the patient had neither menstruated nor demonstrated evidence of normal breast development. At that time she was given oral contraceptives for four cycles and responded with normal vaginal bleeding. Laboratory evaluation at age 18 demonstrated a serum FSH (follicle-stimulating ho...