This paper compares the e¢ ciency implications of aggregate output equivalent unit versus advalorem tax regimes when monopolistically competitive …rms produce di¤erentiated products with either homogenous or heterogenous costs. The model allows for …rms to price at a variable markup over marginal cost. In line with most prior …ndings the superiority of ad-valorem tax continues to hold when …rms...

Purpose: To develop and validate a fast, sensitive, and simple liquid chromatographic method coupled with tandem mass spectrometry for the determination of the potent tyrosine kinase inhibitor, ninetedanib (NTB) in plasma, utilizing cyclobenzaprine (CBP) as internal standard (IS). Methods: Separation of the two components (NTB and CBP) was performed on a pentafluorophenyl (PFP) reversed phase c...

Objective: The aim of this study was to determine the frequency, etiology, microbiological sen-sitivity and outcomes of nosocomial tracheobronchitis (NTB) in mechanically ventilated patients admitted in surgical intensive care unit. Methodology: A prospective observational study was conducted in the Surgical Intensive Care Unit (ICU), Department of Anaesthesiology, Civil Hospital Karachi from A...

Management practices are needed to reduce dryland soil CO(2) emissions and to increase C sequestration. We evaluated the effects of tillage and cropping sequence combinations and N fertilization on dryland crop biomass (stems + leaves) and soil surface CO(2) flux and C content (0- to 120-cm depth) in a Williams loam from May to October, 2006 to 2008, in eastern Montana. Treatments were no-tille...

BACKGROUND The distribution of cigarette prices has rarely been studied and compared under different tax structures. Descriptive evidence on price distributions by countries can shed light on opportunities for tax avoidance and brand switching under different tobacco tax structures, which could impact the effectiveness of increased taxation in reducing smoking. OBJECTIVE This paper aims to de...

Applying a framework of perfect competition under uncertainty, we contribute to the discussion of whether or not ad valorem taxes and specific taxes are equivalent. While this equivalence holds without price uncertainty, we show that ad valorem taxes and specific taxes are “almost never” equivalent in the presence of uncertainty if we demand equivalence to hold pathwise. Since we obtain this re...

BACKGROUND Precise designation of high risk forms of latent Mycobacterium tuberculosis-M.tb infections (LTBI) is impossible. Delineation of high-risk LTBI can, however, allow for chemoprophylaxis and curtail majority cases of active tuberculosis (ATB). There is epidemiological evidence to support the view that LTBI in context of HIV-1 co-infection is high-risk for progression to ATB relative to...

The present article examines the role that the need to belong (NTB) plays in people's judgments of personal and group discrimination and in the attributions people make for potentially discriminatory evaluations. The authors hypothesized that the NTB motivates people to conclude that (a) whereas they rarely experience personal discrimination, (b) their fellow in-group members do experience disc...

Resistance to tuberculosis (TB) is cell-mediated but a humoral response is common and may be correlated with the lack of effective local cellular defense mechanisms. The goal of the study was to evaluate IgG, IgA, and IgM-mediated humoral immune response against 38-kDa+16-kDa and 38-kDa+lipoarabinomannan (LAM) mycobacterial antigens in bronchoalveolar fluid (BALF) from patients with pulmonary T...

Production of IFN-γ contributes to host defense against Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection. We previously demonstrated that Signaling lymphocytic activation molecule-associated protein (SAP) expression on cells from tuberculosis (TB) patients was inversely correlated with IFN-γ production. Here we first investigated the role of NK, T- and B-cell antigen (NTB-A)/SAP pathway in the regula...