By constructing Fv and single-chain Fv (scFv) fragments of antibodies, the variable domains are taken out of their natural context in the Fab fragment, where they are associated with the constant domains of the light (CL) and heavy chain (CH1). As a consequence, all residues of the former variable/constant domain interface become solvent exposed. In an analysis of 30 non-redundant Fab structure...

Populations of cork oak (Quercus suber L.) were assessed for seasonal and inter-population variability in, and temperature responses of, the ratio between light-induced variable and maximum fluorescence of chlorophyll, Fv/Fm, considered a surrogate for the maximum photochemical efficiency of photosystem II (PSII). Seedlings from 10 populations throughout the distribution range of Q. suber in th...

The assessment of the saphenofemoral junction (SFJ) is important in diagnosis and treatment venous reflux great saphenous vein (GSV). In clinical practice medicine, SFJ used to represent region at which arch connects with common femoral (CFV). A number notable variations have been documented, rare variable courses GSV described recently. Our case study reports two unusual terminations. both cas...

A causal graph G(V, E) specifies causal relationships among the random variables representing the vertices of the graph V . The relationships are specified by the directed edges E ; an edge Vi ! Vj implies that Vi 2 V is a direct parental cause for the effect Vj 2 V . With some abuse of notation, we will denote the random variable associated with a node V 2 V by V itself. We will denote the par...

Antibodies are now indispensable tools for all areas of cell biology and biotechnology as well as for diagnosis and therapy. Antigen-specific single immunoglobulin variable domains that bind to native antigens can be isolated and manipulated using yeast intracellular antibody capture technology but converting these to whole monoclonal antibody requires that complementary variable domains (VH or...

The formation of the disulfide bonds in the variable domains VH and VL of the antibody McPC603 was found to be essential for the stability of all antigen binding fragments investigated. Exposure of the Fv fragment to reducing conditions in vitro resulted in irreversible denaturation of both VH and VL. In vitro refolding of the reduced Fv fragment was only possible when the disulfide bonds were ...

Thromb Haemost 2006; 95: 896–7 The clotting factor now known as factorV (FV) was first described in 1908 (1), and a deficiency of this factor was first described by Owren as parahaemophilia in 1947 (2). FV is predominantly produced in the liver and to a lesser degree by the megakaryocytes. Circa 80% of FV circulates in the plasma while 20% is stored in platelets. Following α-granule release upo...

In the context of numerical simulations of elastodynamic ruptures, we compare friction laws, including the linear slip-weakening (SW) law, the Dieterich-Ruina (DR) law, and the Free Volume (FV) law. The FV law is based on microscopic physics, incorporating Shear Transformation Zone (STZ) Theory which describes local, non-affine rearrangements within the granular fault gouge. A dynamic state var...