The introduction of bulky substituents at the stereogenic center of light-driven second-generation molecular motors results in an acceleration of the speed of rotation. This is due to a more strained structure with elongated C=C bonds and a higher energy level of the ground state relative to the transition state for the rate-limiting thermal isomerization step. Understanding the profound influe...

Microturbulence ( $\xi $ ) is a key parameter introduced in stellar spectroscopy to explain the strength of saturated lines by formally incorporating an additional thermal broadening term line opacity profile. Although our Sun can serve as important testing bench check usual assumption constant , detailed behavior how varies from disk center through limb seems have never been investigated so fa...

An experimental study of variation of sensitivity with recording and sensitizing intensities in two-center recording is presented. The experimental results are in good agreement with the theoretical predictions. It is shown experimentally, for what is to our knowledge the first time, that the sensitivity is a function of the ratio of recording to sensitizing intensities and not the absolute int...

Environments vary across space and time, and behavioural divergence among populations is commonplace. Differences in behaviour may represent genetic divergence or phenotypic plasticity, and arise from abiotic or biotic factors. In turn, such differences in behaviour may promote reproductive isolation and speciation, and they may also influence how traits such as mating displays relate to fitnes...

Following Macaulay’s (2002, 2005) repeated calls for a fuller integration of discourse-pragmatic features into the variationist research agenda, the last decade or so has seen an unprecedented upsurge in quantitative research investigating patterns of variation and change in the use of conventionalised, polyfunctional linguistic items and constructions such as innit, you know, as I say, and stu...

DNA & RNA Beginner 2 hours Genetic variation is fundamental to the evolution of all species and is what makes us individuals. Our genes have a large influence on our lives. They affect what we look like, our personalities and preferences and our susceptibility to disease. By studying genetic variation we hope to understand the molecular process that contribute to life on earth. The study of gen...