there are various ways for estimating velocity of money in economic literature and each has its own specific weaknesses and strengths. particularly, since a great deal of financial innovations and changes have recently taken place affecting the velocity of money, many traditional methods can no langer calculate the equilibrium velocity of money, and they are no longer dependable from the econom...

The evolution of the pulse centroid velocity of the Poynting vector for both ultrawideband rectangular and ultrashort Gaussian envelope pulses is presented as a function of the propagation distance in a dispersive, absorptive dielectric material. The index of refraction of the material is described by the Lorentz-Lorenz formula in which a single-resonance Lorentz model is used to describe the m...