The mammalian neocortex consists of six layers. By contrast, the reptilian and avian cortices have only three, which are believed to be equivalent to layers I, V and VI of mammals. In mammals, the majority of cortical cell proliferation occurs in the ventricular and subventricular zones, but there are a small number of scattered individual divisions throughout the cortex. Neurogenesis in the co...

The etiology of neuropsychiatric disorders, including schizophrenia and autism, has been linked to a failure to establish the intricate neural network comprising excitatory pyramidal and inhibitory interneurons during neocortex development. A large proportion of cortical inhibitory interneurons originate in the medial ganglionic eminence (MGE) of the ventral telencephalon and then migrate throu...

Canine hearts were isolated 6 hours, 24 hours, 3 days, 6 days, and 4 weeks after coronary artery ligation and were perfused with blood from support dogs. Electrograms were recorded from Purkinje fibers in the infarcted zone and from Purkinje fibers and ventricular muscle in noninfarcted areas. Administration of 2.5 mEq of KC1 into the coronary circulation of the infarcted hearts abolished nonin...

Epicardially implanted Dsotalol polyurethane composite matrices for preventing ischemic ventricular arrhythmias were studied in open chest dogs under general anesthesia. D-sotalol was combined with a polyureapolyurethane (3:7) in solvent-cast films, which were characterized in vitro for their drug release at 37°C at pH 7.4 (0.05 M K2HP04). D-sotalol in vitro release occurred rapidly in an initi...

We previously reported that retrovirally marked clones in the mature chick diencephalon were widely dispersed in the mediolateral, dorsoventral and rostrocaudal planes. The current study was undertaken to define the migration routes that led to the dispersion. Embryos were infected between stages 10 and 14 with a retroviral stock encoding alkaline phosphatase and a library of molecular tags. Em...

BACKGROUND We studied arrhythmogenesis and its underlying pathophysiology during graded reductions of coronary blood flow, superimposed on prior myocardial infarction to test the hypothesis that spontaneous ventricular fibrillation and induced ventricular tachycardia are dependent on different patterns of coronary flow reduction in hearts with prior myocardial infarction. METHODS AND RESULTS ...

During acute myocardial ischemia, there exists a zone of myocardial dysfunction that surrounds the central ischemic area that has been termed the functional border zone. We hypothesized that this nonischemic but dysfunctional myocardium may respond to an inotropic challenge. To address this issue, we studied 11 open-chest dogs during acute left circumflex (LCx) occlusion. Simultaneous two-dimen...

We have found that, during the early stages of cortical neurogenesis, both GABA and glutamate depolarize cells in the ventricular zone of rat embryonic neocortex. In the ventricular zone, glutamate acts on AMPA/kainate receptors, while GABA acts on GABAA receptors. GABA induces an inward current at resting membrane potentials, presumably owing to a high intracellular Cl- concentration maintaine...

In spinal cord, oligodendrocyte precursors that give rise to myelin-forming cells originate in a restricted domain of the ventral ventricular zone. During development, these cells migrate widely throughout the spinal cord. Netrin 1 is expressed at the ventral ventricular zone during oligodendrocyte precursors emigration, and, in vitro, netrin 1 acts as chemorepellent and antagonizes platelet-de...

We present the first time/space analysis using in situ hybridization for PTTG and prc1 genes during development of the mouse telencephalon. During the stages E11.5-E13.5 PTTG and prc1 are expressed in most tissues of the embryo. Within the telencephalon, PTTG and prc1 are found exclusively inside of the ventricular zone (VZ). The intensity of the expression of both genes in the ventricular zone...