The Rod and Frame test measures an individual’s subjective assessment of visual vertical and horizontal in the presence of a surrounding tilted frame. Attention has focused upon the effects of the surrounding frame upon spatial accuracy (Spatial Frame Effect). We have investigated if the tilted frame also affects the time that subjects take to make the alignment (Temporal Frame Effect). Results...

A 36-year-old woman presented with vertical diplopia, nausea, and disequilibrium. Maddox rod testing was performed in the upright and supine positions (figures 1 and 2). Skew deviation is a vertical misalignment caused by a supranuclear lesion in the vertical vestibuloocular reflex pathways, including the vestibular nerve, brainstem, or cerebellum. It arises from perturbed utricular inputs, and...

Viscoelastic fluids are fluids that, in addition to having the property of viscosity, also have the property of elasticity. This is often the result of the introduction of a polymeric material to a non-viscoelastic fluid— the presence of these materials greatly affects the behavior of the fluid by introducing additional internal stresses. An example of this— and the focus of this paper— is the ...

Lightning strikes on high-voltage transmission lines may create hazardous touch potentials on adjacent substation equipment and damage control equipment. When designing suitable substation earthing electrodes to overcome this problem and safely dissipate the transient fault currents to ground, it is essential to consider the behaviour of the current flow. The steadystate frequency equivalent to...

We analyze the optical caustic produced by light refracted at the curved meniscus surrounding a cylindrical rod standing partially out of a liquid-filled container. When the rod is tilted from the vertical or when light is diagonally incident, the caustic is a four-cusped astroid with two of its cusps obscured by the rod's shadow. If a portion of the flat end of the rod is raised above the wate...

The rod-and-frame illusion was used to examine a proposed distinction between the mechanism responsible for frame effects on rod-adjustment errors with large displays and the mechanism responsible for errors with small displays. It was suggested that visual-vestibular mechanisms are involved only when the rod is surrounded by a large tilted frame. Errors in the perceived vertical with small fra...

Synaptic transmission between rods and depolarizing bipolar cells (DBC) was studied by using simultaneous recording techniques in the living retinal slice preparation. Current injection into the rod elicited a sign-inverting, sustained voltage change in the DBC. Voltage "tails" after the termination of a bright flash were observed in dark-adapted rods and DBC but not in cones. These simultaneou...

Previous assessment of verticality by means of rod and rod and frame tests indicated that human subjects can be more (field dependent) or less (field independent) influenced by a frame placed around a tilted rod. In the present study we propose a new approach to these tests. The judgment of visual verticality (rod test) was evaluated in 50 young subjects (28 males, ranging in age from 20 to 27 ...

A method for growing vertical ZnO nanowire arrays on arbitrary substrates using either gas-phase or solution-phase approaches is presented. A approximately 10 nm-thick layer of textured ZnO nanocrystals with their c axes normal to the substrate is formed by the decomposition of zinc acetate at 200-350 degrees C to provide nucleation sites for vertical nanowire growth. The nanorod arrays made in...