Measurement bias has been defined as a violation of measurement invariance. Potential violators-variables that possibly violate measurement invariance-can be investigated through restricted factor analysis (RFA). The purpose of the present paper is to investigate a Bayesian approach to estimate RFA models with interaction effects, in order to detect uniform and nonuniform measurement bias. Beca...

Game wardens are specialized law enforcement officers responsible for enforcing hunting and fishing laws designed to protect wildlife resources. While performing their duties they encounter a variety of wrongdoers that range from first time offenders those who chronic violators the law. Little research exists on use discretion by officers, or attitudes toward offenders. This study took qualitat...

background: most managers and employees' manner and actions are influenced by the ethical values and they are rooted in ethics. in the current situation, violating some ethical criteria has currently brought anxiety among the governmental and non- governmental sectors. then, the efficient managers are worried mostly about how to provide appropriate opportunities for the human being to observe t...

No-passing zone crashes constitute a sizable percentage of the total crashes on two-lane rural roads. A detection and warning system has been devised and implemented at a no-passing zone site on route 114 of Southwest Virginia to address this problem. The warning system aims at deterring drivers from illegally conducting a passing maneuver within the no-passing zone area. The violating driver i...

This paper deals with an inspection game between a single inspector and several independent (potential) violators over a finite-time horizon. In each period, the inspector gets a renewable inspection resource, which cannot be saved and used in future periods. The inspector allocates it to inspect the (potential) violators. Each violator decides in each period whether to violate or not, and inwh...

at the aim of explaining the rights of health care recipients and upgrading ethical observance in the field of treatment-the most important field of health care-, the patient's rights charter was declared by ministry of health and medical education to all medical universities in september 2009. this paper provides a report of strategic planning for implementation of patient's rights charter and...

ethics is an essential requirement for a sound and healthy society. it is due to its positive individual, organizational, and social consequences that ethics has always provoked scholars, instructors, and organization managers to try to maintain and improve it. the adaptation of managerial solutions will gradually result in the improvement of trust, commitment, and effort which are all necessar...