In warm and hot forging, the dies are subjected to high contact pressures and temperatures. The selection of the die material, hardness and coating is critical for increasing die life. Recent studies indicate that ceramic dies and various surface treatment techniques represent, in certain applications, cost effective techniques for improving die life. This paper reviews the state of technology ...

Austenitic high manganese steels exhibit outstanding mechanical properties, such as energy absorption, owing to various deformation-mechanisms dislocation slip, twinning-induced plasticity (TWIP) and transformation-induced (TRIP). Here, we show a novel thermomechanical treatment manufacture steel Fe–18Mn-0.3C (wt.-%) with excellent performance by combining these three deformation-mechanisms. Th...