Despite growing recognition of the importance of climate change adaptation, few global estimates of the costs involved are available for the water supply sector. We present a methodology for estimating partial global and regional adaptation costs for raw industrial and domestic water supply, for a limited number of adaptation strategies, and apply the method using results of two climate models....

Seeking cost reduction and energy savings in water supply by improving the operation of pumps is both an obvious as well as a very efficient possibility to consider. Without making changes to the basic elements of a water supply system, remarkable reductions in operation costs can be achieved by optimising the pump scheduling (PS) problem. The UK Water Research Centre (WRC) [1985] estimates the...

due to shortage of precipitation and the spatial and periodical disparity of rainfalls, iran iscounted among the arid and semi-arid countries of the world, and therefore the water utilities have put thecontrol of consumption and efficient use of water high on their priorities. water consumption management isconsidered as a field of energy management, and the impacts of effective measure related...

In systems experiencing water scarcity and consequent intermittent supply, users often adopt private tanks that collect water during service periods and supply users when the service is not available. The tank may be fed by gravity or by private pumping stations depending on the network pressure level. Once water resources are collected, the tank can supply users by gravity if it is located on ...

Stochastic optimization is used to estimate the willingness-to-pay WTP of individual households and groups of households for changes in a combination of probabilistic water supply reliability and retail price of water. By modeling the financial and “perceived” costs of implementing longand short-term conservation options and assuming rational expected value cost minimizing behavior, economic de...

The inclusion of water supply and sanitation programs as a component of primary health care (PHC) has been questioned on the basis of calculations of the costs of these programs per infant death averted. In this paper the procedures used in these cost-effectiveness calculations are examined and found to be wanting. The calculations are misleading since gross rather than net costs have been used...

Planning sustainable urban water supplies requires the use of a longterm planning horizon and multiple criteria for assessment, all of which have inherent uncertainties and difficulties. This paper presents the application of an optimization framework incorporating a post-optimization robustness assessment to the case study of the southern Adelaide water supply system to determine its effective...

Water supply is a core service on which civilised society depends. It involves considerable energy consumption and, as a result, CO2 emissions (in water treatment, pumping and monitoring) and economic costs. Treated water is most commonly supplied from a central storage reservoir by gravity throughout a catchment and this water must be supplied within satisfactory pressure bands. Where the pres...

Water infrastructure in the United States is aging and vulnerable to extreme weather. In August 2011, Tropical Storm Irene hit the eastern part of New York and surrounding states, causing great damage to public drinking water systems. Several water supply districts issued boil water advisories (BWAs) to their customers as a result of the storm. This study seeks to identify the major factors tha...