Muscle efficiency increases with fiber length and decreases with load. Diaphragm efficiency (Eff(di)) in healthy humans, measured as power output (Wdi) relative to the root mean square of diaphragm electromyogram (RMS(di)), increases with hyperpnea due to phasic activity of abdominal muscles acting to increase diaphragm length at end expiration (L(di ee)) and decrease inspiratory load. In chron...

Existing end-to-end response time analysis in distributed real-time systems [2], where the finalization of one task on a processor activates another task on another processor, is pessimistic. By “pessimistic” we mean that not all systems deemed to be unschedulable by the analysis are in fact unschedulable. This pessimism has two causes: (i) the existing analysis is based on best-case response t...

Transition has entailed the introduction of policies to stimulate product market competition, to establish effective corporate governance and to harden enterprise budget constraints. How do these policies interact? Are they substitute policy instruments or does one policy reinforce the effect of another? Although early endogenous growth models predicted a negative relationship between competiti...

This paper investigates both the macro and micro determinants of EU support as expressed in the 2003 referenda on EU membership and the 2002 Candidate Countries Eurobarometer survey data. It is found that favourable individual and regional characteristics, i.e., the “winners” of the transition process, are positively correlated with support for accession and voter participation. In contrast, th...

We evaluated an index of diaphragm efficiency (Eff(di)), diaphragm power output (Wdi) relative to electrical activation, in five healthy adults during tidal breathing at usual end-expiratory lung volume (EELV) and diaphragm length (L(di ee)) and at shorter L(di ee) during hyperinflation with expiratory positive airway pressure (EPAP). Measurements were repeated with an inspiratory threshold (7....

Morocco’s macroeconomic situation in the early 1980s was quite difficult for a variety of reasons including a high external debt and budget deficit. As a result of a Structural Adjustment Plan (SAP), the macroeconomic situation greatly improved. Moreover, social indicators also noticeably improved. For instance, by 2004, the net primary school enrollment rate was 87% while the life expectancy a...