What’s the best way to assess the performance of a semantic component in an NLP system? Tradition in NLP evaluation tells us that comparing output against a gold standard is a good idea. To define a gold standard, one first needs to decide on the representation language, and in many cases a first-order language seems a good compromise between expressive power and efficiency. Secondly, one needs...

Abstract Numerous studies on political discourse claim that metaphors help politicians to construct coherent arguments convince their voters. Yet, most of them, with a few notable exceptions, do not adhere any theory argumentation. In this paper, we integrate Discourse Dynamic Approach Metaphor Inference Anchoring Theory enhance our understanding the interaction and in dynamic discourse. Our da...

As Director of the Office of Scientific Research and Development, Dr. Vannevar Bush has coordinated the activities of some six thousand leading American scientists in the application of science to warfare. In this significant article he holds up an incentive for scientists when the fighting has ceased. He urges that men of science should then turn to the massive task of making more accessible o...

According to recently popular pragmatist views, it may be rational for one believe p when one’s evidence doesn’t favour over not-p. This happen according pragmatists in situations where can gain something practically important out of believing p. In this paper, I argue that given some independently plausible assumptions about the argumentative nature philosophy and irrelevance bribes good argum...

How do experienced users extract information from a complex visualization? We examine this question by presenting experienced weather forecasters with visualizations that did not show the needed information explicitly and examining their eye movements. We replicated Carpenter & Shah (1998) when the information was explicitly available on the visualization. However, when the information was not ...

The importance of socioeconomic position, measured at multiple levels (e.g., individual, household, area) and across the life course, for studying health disparities is now well recognized (1–7). Our multilevel study (8) reported that individual-based socioeconomic measures (IBSMs) and area-based socioeconomic measures (ABSMs) together capture birth weight inequalities that otherwise would have...